D W A 
and they have fucceeded pretty well ; but the winter 
1762 proving fevere, caufed their leaves to fall, but 
fmce they have put out again very well. 
D W A R F-T REES. Thefe were formerly in much 
greater requeft than they are at prefent ; for though 
they have many advantages to recommend them, yet 
thedifadvantages attending them greatly over-balance; 
and fince the introducing of efpaliers into the Engliffi 
gardens, Dwarf-trees have been in little efteem for 
the following realons : 
1 ft, The figure of aDwarf-tree is very often fo much 
ftudied, that, in order to render the ffiape beautiful, 
little care is taken to procure fruit, which is the prin- 
cipal defign in planting thefe trees. 
2dly, The branches being fpread horizontally near 
the furface of the ground, render it very difficult to 
dig or clean the ground under them. 
3dly, Their taking up too much room in a garden 
(efpecially when they are grown to a confiderable fize) 
fo that nothing can be fown or planted between them. 
4thly, Thefe trees fpreading their branches near the 
ground, continually ffiade the furface of the earth ; 
fo that neither the lun nor air can pafs freely round 
their roots and Items, to diffipate noxious vapours ; 
whereby the circumambient air will be continually re- 
plete with crude rancid vapours, which, being drawn 
in by the fruit and leaves, will render its juices crude 
and unwhollome, as well as ill tafted. 
It is alfo very difficult to get to the middle of thefe 
Dwarf-trees in the fummer, when their leaves and 
fruit are on the branches, without beating off fome of 
the fruit, and breaking the young ffioots ; whereas, 
the trees on an efpalier can at all times be come at 
on each fide, to tie up the new ffioots, or to difplace 
all vigorous ones, which, if left on, would rob the 
trees of their nouriihment. 
Add to this, the fruit-buds of all forts of Pears 
and Apples, and moft forts of Plumbs and Cherries, are 
firft produced at the end of the former year’s flioot, 
which muft be ffiortened in order to keep the Dwarfs 
to their proper figure, fo that the fruit- buds are cut 
off, and a greater number of branches are obtained, 
than can be permitted to ftand ; fo that all thofe forts 
of fruit-trees, whofe branches require to be trained 
at their full length, are very improper to train up as 
Dwarfs ; and the Peaches and Nedarines which will 
bear amputation, are too tender to be trained fo in 
this country. 
Thefe evils being entirely remedied by training the 
trees to an efpalier, hath juftly gained them the pre- 
ference ; however, if any one has a mind to have 
Dwarf-trees, notwithftanding what has been faid, I 
fhall lay down a few rules for their management. 
If you defign to have Dwarf Pear-trees, you ffiould 
bud or graft them on Quince flocks ; but as many 
forts of Pears will not thrive if they are immediately 
budded or grafted on Quince flocks, fo fome of thofe 
forts which will take freely, ffiould be firft budded on 
the Quince flocks ; and when thefe have ffiot, the 
forts you intend to cultivate, ffiould be budded into 
thefe ; for free flocks are apt to make them flioot fo 
vigoroufly, as not to be kept within bounds. Thefe 
grafts or buds ffiould be put in about four or fix 
inches above the furface of the ground, that the 
heads of the trees may not be advanced too high 5 
and when the bud or graft has put out four ffioots, 
you ffiould flop the end of the flioots, to force out 
lateral branches. 
Two years after budding, thefe trees will be fit to 
tranfplant where they are to remain ; for though many 
people chufe to plant trees of a greater age, yet they 
feldom fucceed fo well as young ones. The diftance 
thefe trees fliould be planted is twenty-five or thirty 
feet afunder, for lefs will not do if the trees thrive 
well. The ground between them may be culti- 
vated for kitchen-garden herbs while the trees are 
young, but you fliould not fow or plant too near their 
roots. 
In order to train your trees regularly, you fliould 
drive flakes into the ground round the tree, to which 
the branches ffiould be faftened down with lift in a ho- 
rizontal pofition ; for if they are fuffered to grow per- 
pendicularly while young, they cannot be afterwards 
reduced without great violence to any tolerable fi- 
gure. The necefiary directions to be afterwards fol- 
lowed are, not to fuffer any branches to crofs each 
other ; and always in ffiortening any ffioots be fure to 
leave the uppermoft eye outwards, whereby the hol- 
lownefs in the middle of the tree will be better pre- 
ferved ; and be careful to rub off all perpendicular 
ffioots in the middle of the trees, as foon as they are 
produced. The other necefiary rules you will find 
under the article of Pruning. 
The forts of Pears which do beft in Dwarfs, are all 
fummer and autumn fruits ; for winter Pears are not 
worth planting in Dwarfs, they feldom bearing well, 
nor are ever well tafted, and commonly are very 
flony, becaufe they are commonly grafted on Quince 
flocks. 
Apples are alfo planted in Dwarfs, moft of which are 
now budded or grafted on Paradife flocks ; but as 
thefe are for the moft part of a fliort duration, they 
are not profitable, and are fit only for irnall gardens 
as a matter of curiofity, producing fruit fooner, and 
in greater plenty, than when they are upon Crab or 
Apple flocks. 
The diftance thefe trees ffiould be planted, if on 
Paradife flocks, fliould be fix or eight feet, and upon 
Dutch flocks eighteen or twenty ; but if on Crab 
flokcs, twenty-five or thirty feet afunder each way. 
The management of thefe being the fame with Pears, 
I need not repeat it. 
Some perfons alfo plant Apricots and Plumbs for 
Dwarfs, but thefe feldom fucceed well, as being of ,a 
tender conflitution ; and thofe which will produce 
fruit on Dwarfs, are much more likely to do fo when 
trained on an efpalier, where they can be much better 
managed ; and therefore I judge it much the better 
method, as being more certain, and the trees will 
make a better appearance. 
5 B 
EARTH 
