/ 
ECH 
at every joint, which are placed oppofite •, the lower 
part is garnilhed with leaves, which are finely divided 
like thole of- the Carrot; the flowers grow in finall 
umbels at the extremity of the branches, having a 
fnort prickly involucrum. This flowers in July, but 
doth not ripen feeds in England. 
Thefe plants are propagated by their creeping roots 
in England, as they do not produce feeds here : the 
befl time to tranfplant them is the beginning of 
March, a little before they flioot. The roots Ihould 
be planted in a gravelly or fandy foil, and in a 
warm fituation, or otherwife they fhould be covered 
in the winter to prevent the froft from deftroying 
them. 
EC El IN OPS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 829. Echinopus. 
Tourn. Inft. R. H. tab. 463. Globe Thiftle. 
The Characters are, 
Jr hath a permanent perianthium , which is oblong , an- 
gular, and imbricated ; the flower hath one funnel-Jhaped 
petal , which is divided at the top into five parts , which 
fipread open and are reflexed. It hath five Jhort hairy fta- 
mina , terminated by cylindrical fiummits. In the bottom of 
the tube is fitmted an oblong germen , fupporting a fender 
fiyle the length of the tube , crowned by two oblong de- 
prejfied Jligmas which turn back ; the germen afterward 
becomes an oblong oval feed narrowed at the bafie , but ob- 
tufe and hairy at the top. 
This genus of plants is ranged in the firfl: fecftion of 
Linnaeus’s feventeenth clafs, intitled Syngenelia Po- 
lygamia fEqualis. This fecftion includes thofe plants 
which have only hermaphrodite fruitful florets. 
The Species are, 
1. Echinops [Sphtercceph alas') capitulis globofis pubef- 
centibus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1314. Globe Thiftle with glo- 
bular heads and hairy leaves. Echinopus major. J. B. 3. 
p. 69. Greater Globe Thiftle. 
2. Echinops ( Ritro ) eapitulo globofo, foliis fupra gla- 
bns. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1314. Globe Thiftle with a globular 
head , and the upper fide oft the leaves ftmooth. Echinopus 
minor. J. B. 3. 72. Smaller Globe Thiftle. 
3. Echinops {St rig of us) capitulis fafciculatis calycibus, 
lateralibus flerilibus, foliis fupra ftrigofis. Lin. Sp. 
Plant. 1315. Globe Thiftle with bundled heads , whofe fide 
empalements are barren , and wing-pointed leaves. Echi- 
nopus minor annum, magno capite. Tourn. Inft. 463. 
Smaller annual Globe Thiftle with a large head. 
4. Echinops {Gracus) caule unicapitato, foliis fpinofis, 
omnibus pinnatifidis villofis, radice reptartice. Globe 
Thiftle with one head on each ftalk , prickly leaves , which 
are all wing-pointed and woolly , and a creeping root. 
Echinopus Grsecus, tenuifiime divifus & lanuginofus, 
capite mino-ri caeruleo. Tourn. Cor. 34. Greek Globe 
Thiftle whofe leaves are divided into narrow fegments and 
are woolly , with a fmaller blue head. 
The firfl: is the common Globe Thiftle, which has 
been long cultivated in fome gardens for the fake of 
variety ; this grows naturally in Italy and Spain ; it 
hath a -perennial root, from which arife many flalks 
that grow to the height of four or five feet ; thefe are 
garnilhed with long jagged leaves, which are divided 
into many fegments almoft to the midrib, the jags 
ending in fpines •, they are of a dark green on their 
upper fide, but woolly on their under ; the flowers are 
collected in globular heads, feveral of thefe grow 
upon each ftalk ; the common hath blue flowers, but 
there is a variety of it with white. It flowers in July, 
and the feeds ripen in Auguft. 
This plant is eafily propagated by feeds, which, if 
permitted to fcatter, the plants will come up in plenty, 
fo a few of them may be tranfplanted to the places 
where they are defigned to remain to flower ; they 
require no other culture but to keep them clean from 
weeds : the fecOnd year they will flower and produce 
feeds, and the roots will continue two or three years 
after y but if the feeds fcatter, the plants will become 
troublefome weeds-, to prevent which, the heads fhould 
be cut off as foon as the feeds are ripe, 
The fecond fort grows in the fouth of France and in 
Italy; this hath a perennial creeping root, which 
fends up feveral ftrong flalks that rife two feet high, 
2 
E C FI 
i >• 
garnifhed with leaves, which are cut into many fine 
fegments to the midrib, which are fet with prickles, 
and are white on their under fide : the flalks branch 
out toward the top ; each of thefe branches is termi- 
nated by a globular head of flowers, which are fmaller 
than thofe of the firfl, and of a deeper blue ; there 
is alfo a variety of this with white flowers. This 
. flowers about the faipe time as the firfl, and is pro- 
pagated in the fame way. Thefe will both grow in 
almoft any foil or fituation. 
The third fort grows naturally in Spain and Portugal : 
this is an annual plant, which rifes with a fluff white 
ftalk two feet high, garnifhed with divided leaves, 
ending in many points which have fpines ; their upper 
fide is green, and covered with brown hairs, their 
under fide white and woolly ; the ftalk is terminated 
by one large head of pale blue flowers. Thefe appear 
in July, and if the feafon proves warm and dry, the 
feeds will ripen in autumn, but in wet cold years they 
rarely ripen here. 
Thefe feeds fhould be fown in the fpring, upon a bor- 
der of light earth, where the plants are to remain ; 
and they require no other management, but to thin 
them where they are too clofe. 
The fourth fort grows naturally in Greece, from 
whence Dr. Tournefort fent the feeds to the royal 
garden at Paris : this hath a perennial creeping root, 
by which it multiplies faft enough ; the flalks rife 
about a foot high, and are clofely garnifhed with 
leaves which are fhorter and much finer divided than 
either of the former forts ; thefe are hoary, and armed 
on every fide with fharp thorns ; the flalks are ter- 
minated by one middle-fized globular head of flowers, 
which in fome are blue, and in others white. They 
appear the latter end of June, and in warm feafons 
the feeds will ripen well in England. This is eafily 
propagated by its creeping roots, or from feeds ; it 
loves a dry foil and a warm fituation. 
ECHINUS, Lat. is the prickly head or cover of the 
feed or top of any plant, fo called from its likenefs 
to a hedgehog. 
ECHIUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 157. Tourn. Inft. R. 
H. 135. tab. 54. [of Gr. a viper, becaufe the 
ripe feed of this plant refembles the head of a viper. 
It is called Herba Viperaria, becaufe the ancients be- 
lieved that this plant killed vipers.] Viper’s Buglofs ; 
in French, Viperine. 
The Characters are. 
The flower hath a permanent empalement , divided into five 
fegments. It hath one petal with a Jhort tube , having 
an erebi broad brim , cut into five parts , and is obtufe ; 
the two upper being longer than the lower , which are 
acute and reflexed. It hath five awl-Jhaped Jlamina , ter- 
minated by oblong proftrate fiummits. In the bottom are 
fttuated four germen with one fender fiyle, crowned by an 
obtufe bifid ftigma ; the germen afterward become fo many 
roundifh pointed feeds , inclofted in the rough empalement. 
This genus of plants is ranged in the firfl fection of 
Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia, 
the flower having five ftamina and one fiyle. 
The Species are, 
1. Echium ( Anglicum ) caule fimplici ere6lo, foliis lan- 
ceolatis, floribus fpicatis lateralibus, flaminibus co- 
rolla aequantibus. Viper's Buglofs with a Jingle erect 
ftalk, having rough fpear-Jhaped leaves , and flozvers in 
ftpikes proceeding from the fide , with the ftamina equalling 
the petal. Echium vulgare C. B. P. 254. Common, 
Viper’s Buglofs. 
2. Echium ( Vulgare ) caule fimplici ere£lo, foliis cau- 
linis ianceolatis hifpidis, floribus fpicatis lateralibus 
flaminibus corolla longioribus. Viper’s Buglofs with a 
Jingle erebi ftalk , having rough narrow fpear-Jhaped leaves , 
flowers growing in ftoort ftpikes on the ftdes, and ftamina 
longer than the petal . Lycopfis Anglica. Lob. Englijh 
Lycopfts. 
3. Echium ( Italicum ) corollis vix calyeem excedentibus, 
margine villofis. Hart, Upfal. 35. Viper’s Buglofs , 
whofe petals fcarce exceed the empalement , having hairy 
borders. Echium majus & afperius, flore albo. C. B. P. 
255. Great rough Viper’s Buglofs with a white flower. 
4. EcHIUfif' 
