4 Echin. 
XIV. ECHINODERMA. 
section of the Zoological Record is no shorter than usual, it is not the 
Recorder’s fault. 
II. Riolqgy. Some of the speculations on matters of wider interest 
are surprising rather than noteworthy. But it is an interesting paper 
(111) in which Grave brings the pelmatozoic theory a step further by 
showing the relation of the ciliated bands to the Dipleurula and to the 
primitive pelmatozoon. Jaekel (154) is led by study of Ordovician 
Stellerids from Bohemia to infer that the oldest Ophiuroids still possessed 
in their arm-structure all essential characters of Asteroids, though with a 
tendency to the specialised Ophiuroid typo, in the multiplication of 
ambulacrals, their excavation by podia, the lateral expansion of adambu- 
lacrals, which eventually become lateral scutes, the lateral flexibility of 
the distal parts of the arms, and the closure of the distal ends of the 
ventral grooves by the approach of the adambulacrals ; it is desirable 
that the proof of these important conclusions should be set out in more 
detail, and that systematic diagnoses should be given of the alleged new 
genera and species on which the argument is based. 
Many valuable observations on Asteroid anatomy are scattered through 
Ludwig’s account of the starfish collected by the ‘Belgica’ (204), while 
the anatomy of the rare genus PalcCeopneustes is carefully described by 
Wagner in a memoir (316) so expensively illustrated that its price is 
beyond the means of most zoologists ; the more important observations 
relate to the coelomic sinuses and lacunar system. The pedicellariae of 
Echinoids receive attention from de Meijere (53) and are elaborately 
described by Mortensen (229 ). Russo’s work on the lacunar system of 
Astropkyton (280 & 281) leads to some interesting results. 
Many notes on variations and abnormalities are scattered through the 
literature dealt with, but the only serious study by modern biometric 
methods is that of McIntosh (212) on Ophiocuma nigra. Fossils are rarely 
obtained in sufficient numbers for such enquiries to be practicable, but 
Fourtau (88) shows how a single species, Eemiaster cubicus , from a single 
locality and horizon, may present variations usually considered distinctive 
of larger groups. 
A new worker on Echinoderm Physiology appears in Henri, whose 
discoveries, however, do not quite equal in number the papers in which 
he has described them (130-141). Russo’s idea that the gonads act as 
excretory organs when not otherwise engaged (277), should be considered 
in the light of other observations by CJaullery & Siedlecki (28), Robert 
(168), Loisel (198), and Mitsukuri (224). 
Many interesting notes, though fewer than usual, are collected under 
Bionomics, and among papers written mainly from this point of view 
reference should be made to Mitsukuri (224). Miss Monks (225) has 
answered in the affirmative the long discussed question whether the disc 
and rays of a starfish can be reproduced from a ray to which no portion 
of the disc is adherent. Remembering how Mead has shown normal 
growth to vary with food supply one is the more struck with the facts as 
to regenerative growth without food, elicited by Zeleny (334) who does 
not however state that micro-organisms were removed from the sea-water 
used. R. Etheridge (75), returning to the study of swollen crinoid stems, 
has written an interesting account of a supposed fungus that infests 
cavities probably first formed by other organisms. 
Zoologists will read with mingled feelings the statement that the small 
provincial museum of Exeter (76) has been presented with the late 
W. P. Sladen’s collection of recent and fossil Echinoderms, including 
collections formed by W. B. & P. H. Carpenter & P. M. Duncan. 
Many of the papers indexed under Auxology treat the subject in its 
broader biological aspect and need not be referred to here. Mitsukuri’s 
paper on the habits of JStichopus japonicus (224) is concerned chiefly with 
