BIOLOGY, (c, i — vii: D, i — viii.) Echin. 48 
below mud and retracts all tentacles; Gray (112). — Aestivation of 
Stichopus ; Mitsukuri (224) p. 2. 
iii. Habitat : — (a) Bottom of spp. & varr. of Echinoderms from Spitzbergen 
district (vide n, a, v); MichailovskiJ (223). — Abundance of Brissopsis 
lyrifera on soft clay below 15 fm. (p. 46), also Amphiura and Astcrias 
(p. 47) and in the channels Ophioglypha (p. 48) in Kattegat ; Petersen 
( 259). — Habitat of Echinoderms at Cold Spring Sandpit, Long Id.; 
Davenport (44) pp. 161, 162. (b) Ilol . : — Depth and bottom of 
spp. in Kattegat (see hi, a, ii); Lonnberg (197) p. 24 . — Synapta 
striata in sponge branches ; Pearson (250) p. 187. (c) Ecli . : — 
Depth and bottom of spp. in Kattegat (see hi, A, ii) ; Lonnberg (197) 
p. 25. — Ech. in pits on reef-flat ; Gardiner (98) p. 426 . — Echinocorys 
lived in ooze with apex uncovered (p. 12), influence of habitat on 
height of ambtilacrals and disposition of pores (pp. 21, 93); Lambert 
( 176). (d) Ast . : — Depth and bottom of spp. in Kattegat (see in, 
a, ii); Lonnberg (197) p. 26. (e) Oph . : — Depth and bottom of 
spp. in Kattegat (see hi, a, ii); Lonnberg (197) p. 27 . — Amphiura 
elegans abundant amongst Gorallina officinalis , Opkiactis halli in 
crevices of stones and dead shells, Ophiopholis aculeata below stones ; 
Simpson (294) p. 41. (f) Crin.'.—Antedon bifida common, asso- 
ciated with hydroid zoophytes; Simpson (294) p. 39. — Habitat of 
Holopus and Cyathidium and relation to currents ; Ravn (265) 
pp. 422, 442. 
iv. Feeding : — (a) Diatoms as food of young Echinoderms ; Cowles 
(40) p. 126. (d) Ast. smother oyster “ until it is forced to open its 
valves for fresh water”; Davenport (44) p. 161. — Starfish, esp. 
Pentaceros , attack oysters; Herdman (143) p. 107. — Large Asterias 
rubens eats Cyprina 77 mm. long; Lonnberg (197) p. 26. 
v. Defence and Protection : — Means of defence, active and passive, 
including autotomy, summary; Cu^not (41). — Echinoid succumbs to 
the attacks of a Blenny ; Richard (270) p. 59. 
vi. Locomotion : — By tentacles flattened at end in Synapta ; Pearson 
( 250) p. 187. 
vii. Autotomy and Regeneration (a) Autotomy ; Reerer (267) : 
full account, with references to recent literature ; Riggenbach (272) 
pp. 803-817: see also Cu^not (41). (b) Gemmation or fission, 
Actinopyga sp. with tentaculiferous oral and anal extremities in 
different radii ; Bell (12). (c) Non -regeneration of sphaeridia 
artificially removed in Strongylocentrotus ; Delage (51). (d) Re- 
generation of disk and rays with ambulacral grooves from distal half 
of a single ray in Phataria ; Monks (225). (e) Regeneration of 
rays in Ophioglypha , rate at maximum in medium sized individuals, 
also increases with number of rays removed, no food being given ; 
Zeleny (334). 
viii. Parasites and Commensals : — 
(b) Actinian parasite near mouth of Pseudostichopus ; Richard 
( 271) p. 66 : Albert Honors (5) p. 212. — Entosiphon , gastropod in 
Deima blahei ; Koehler & Vaney (170 ). — Gregarina irregularis 
in blood vessels of II olotliuria nigra ; Woodcock (330). (c) General 
account ; Hamann (125) pp. 1304-1306. — Parasitic copepod on 
radiole of Calveria (v. Hansen, 120 Zool. Rec. 1902) ; Mortensen (229) 
pp. 51, 175, pi. xiv. — Crab and cirripede on spines of Chaetodiadema\ 
Mortensen (228). — Cirripede Paecilasma aurantium , also Palythoadae 
on radioles of Dorocidaris ; Richard (271) pp. 66, 67, 71. — Rhizopod 
in Arbacia ovary, envelops ova which fuse and form giant larvae ; 
Janssens (156). — Acoelous Turbellarian \A vagina incola Leiper(166) 
Zool. Rec. 1 902] in accessory canal of Echinocardium ; Leiper 
1903. [VOL. XI,] E 27 
