48 Echin . 
XIV. ECHINODERMA. 
in Ast. and Ech. , review and criticism of theories, esp. of Chicago 
school, discussion of so-called heliotropism of larvae, confirmation of 
own previous work (see 343, 344, jZool. Rec. 1900 ; 312-314, Z. R. 
1901 ; 286, 287, Z. R. 1902), seasonal variations and climatic changes 
affect the two kinds differently, plates show relative development of 
fertilised and unfertilised cultures from same $ Arbacict , reiteration 
of differences due to species and locality; Viguier (313). — Carbon 
dioxide, — acts on Asterias glacialis ova as observed by Delage (61, 
62, 64 Zool. Rec. 1902) ; Viguier (313) p. 127 and (314) : but also 
acts on ripe ova of Strongylocentrotus , Sphaer echinus, and Arbacia 
sometimes favourably sometimes harmfully, more development from 
unripe ova ; Viguier (314) : Ast. larvae reared almost to meta- 
morphosis by nutrition; Delage (49) : after extrusion of polar bodies, 
in Strongylocentrotus , rendered effective by shaking and warmth ; 
Delage (50). — Parthenogenesis induced by chemical, thermal, electric, 
and luminous stimuli ; Schuecking (290). — Induced in ova of Arbacia , 
Strongylocentrotus , and Sphaerechinus at Naples by same methods as 
at Wood’s Hole, with slight differences ; use of carbon dioxide and 
potassium cyanide ; effect of oxygen and of change of temperature ; 
Lyon (206). — Mitosis induced in Arbacia ova by lack of oxygen, rise 
of temperature, ether, chloroform, and alcohol, all methods which 
liquefy protoplasm and therefore either liquefy cell-contents or pro- 
duce a liquefying enzyme — the centrosome [is it not rather that they 
disturb surface-tension?]; Mathews (215). — Parthenogenesis in Ast. 
by ether, larvae reach 18 days ; Yatsu (333). — Arbacia , Echinus ; 
Ottolenghi (245). — Conditions of purity of solutions in concentrated 
sea-water, stage of development of ova, duration in solution, and 
temperature, studied in Arbacia , variations in nature of ova, and 
contrast with Strongylocentrotus ; Hunter (151). — Action of tem- 
perature in checking stimuli in ova of Arbacia and Asterias ; Greeley 
( 113). — Cleavage started in unfertilised ova of Arbacia by shaking, 
but no further development ; Meltzer (220). — Parthenogenesis pro- 
duced by action of radium rays in Strongylocentrotus ; Bohn (19). 
III. DISTRIBUTION* 
A. GEOGRAPHICAL. 
i. General : — Echinoderm fauna of deep sea, elementary summary ; 
Ostergren (242). — Distribution of genera of Ech. Regularia from 
Cidandae to Temnopleuridae ; Meissner in Hamann (125) 
pp. 1339-1366. — Revision of distrib. of living spp. of Cidar-, 
Echinothur -, Temnopleur -, Echinometr -, Echin-, and Toxopneust-idae 
(see spp. indexed in iv, c), supposed resemblance between Arctic- 
subarctic and Antarctic-subantarctic Ech. faunas quite illusory 
(p. 167) ; Mortensen (229). — Ast. collected by S.Y. Belgica afford 
additional argument against bipolar hypothesis ; Ludwig (204) p. 3. 
ii. Atlantic Ocean and adjacent Seas : —Tables of all spp. of 
Cidaridae , Echinothuridae, Echinidae , and Toxopneustidac occurring 
in N. Atlantic and Mediterranean ; Mortensen (229). 
N. Norway, discussion of Arctic and boreal character of Hoi. and list 
of spp. of Stichopus , Bathyplotes, Mesothuria, Cucumaria, Phyllo- 
phoi'us, Psolus , Trochostoma , Ankyroderma , Synapta , Chiridota, 
Myriotrochus , Trochoderma, Labidoplax ; Ostergren (244). — E. 
Finmark, list of Hoi., Ech., Ast., Oph., partly compiled, excludes 
Amphiura elegans, Asteronyx loveni, Pedicellaster typicus, casts 
* For the species found, refer to generic names under IV. 
