12 Spong. 
XVII. SPONGE. 
(iii) Asexual Reproduction. 
(a) Fission and Vegetative Budding. — Vacant. 
(b) Germinal budding. — Development of gemmules, differing 
slightly from the normal, in a young specimen 18 days old of Spongilla 
fragilis ; Lendenfeld (28). — Gemmules of Suberites domuncula rich in 
manganese; Cotte (12) p. 140. 
F. Miscellaneous. 
Bibliography. — Titles of 25 memoirs upon sponges, with abstracts ; 
Maas (32a). Titles of 245 memoirs on sponges, published in the years 
1898, 1899, 1900 and 1901, with summaries, under different headings, 
of the more important additions to the scientific knowledge of the 
Porifera; Weltner (55). 
III. DISTRIBUTION. 
A. GEOGRAPHICAL, 
a. Marine. 
(i) General.— Vacant. 
(ii) Atlantic Ocean and Adjacent Seas. — Coasts of Belgium, 
list of common sponges, with descriptions and figures of some of the 
species; Rousseau (43). — Monaxonida of the Norwegian coast, Ghalina , 
Halichondria , Reniera , Eumastia, Q-ellius , Oceanapia , Esperiopsis, Espe- 
rella , Hamacantha , Cladorhiza , Homceodictya , Desmacidon , Dendoryx , 
lophon, Melonanchora , Histoderma, Yvesia , Plumohalichondria , Hamigera , 
Clathna , Placomia [sic], Phakellia , Tragosia , Axinella , in all 31 spp., of 
which 9 nn. ; Arnesen (3). — North Sea, North of Bergen, Norway, 
Prophysema haeckelii n. sp. ; Leon (29). — Sponges collected by the 
Princesse-Alice in 1902 ; Richard (42). — Sponges collected in deep water 
in the Mediterranean ; Lo Bianco (30) pp. 243, 245, 246 & 270. 
(iii) Indian Ocean and Adjacent Seas. — South Africa, Cape 
and Natal Coasts, Discodermia natalensis n. sp., Microscleroderma kirsutum 
n. g. n. sp., Lithobactrum forte n. g. n. sp., Monanthus plumosus n. g. n. sp., 
and Triptolemus incertus n. sp. ; Kirkpatrick (25) : Placospongia, Latrun- 
culia, Kalastrella n. g., Coppatias , Tethya , Trachya , Hymeniacidon , 
Phakellia , Tragosia , Axinella , Syringella , Axinyssa , Sigmaxinella , Hig- 
ginsia, Eollasella , Bubaris, Clathria, Stylostichon , Histoderma , Dendoryx , 
Desmacidon , Hamacantha , Phlceodictyon , Pellina, Halichondria, Coscino- 
derma , Stelospongia , Hircinia , Psammopemmd , in all 33 spp., of which 
19 nn., and 3 nn. varr. ; Kirkpatrick (26). 
(iv) Pacific Ocean and Adjacent Seas. — Sunda Islands, 
Calycosoma gracile n. sp. ; Schulze (48). — Torres Straits, Haddonella 
topsenti n. g. n. sp. ; Sollas (49). — Sponges of Ternate; Thiele (50). — 
Horny sponges from Honolulu, Adelaide, Chatham Islands and Laysan : 
Euspongia , Hippospongia } Thorecta } Stelospongia , and Hircinia , in all 
13 spp., of which 1 n., arid 4 varr.; Baar (4). — Calcareous sponges from 
Chatham Islands, from Laysan (a coral island N. W. of Honolulu), and 
from Bare Island (between the southern extremity of Vancouver and the 
