INTRODUCTION. 
Echini 5 
phology, in which echinoderms are so often the corpora vilia, will find 
a useful summary and guide in Przibram (262). Papers on normal 
development are few. Henderson (134) describes the early stages of 
an asterid, in genera] like the corresponding stages of Asterina gibbosa , 
but with more yolk. In a paper by Valette (324) dealing with new 
Chalk echinoids, the most valuable part is a study of young Micraster 
coranguinum ; these facts of ontogenesis should now be compared with 
the phylogenetic results of Rowe. Among the important papers on the 
experimental side are those by GarBowskI (106, 107), the remarks on 
pigment in the latter being of general interest. It is also interesting to 
learn that Godlewski (115) has reared plutei of Echinoid x Crinoid 
origin. To the advances in the study of artificial parthenogenesis we 
cannot here refer, but may note abundant confirmation of the view 
previously expressed in these pages, that the most exact determination 
of the species or even variety under examination is a necessity for the 
purest of physiologists. Interesting physiological and bionomic notes 
will be founa duly indexed, but attention may be directed to the dis- 
cussion by Lukas (201) of the stage of consciousness at which Echinoderms 
have arrived ; though based mainly on the observations of others, it 
presents the matter in a novel and interesting light. The economically 
important subject of trepang fishery is considered in a pamphlet written 
for the government of the Dutch East Indies by Dr Koningsber^er (166) 
of Buitenzorg, Java. 
III. Distribution. Doederlein (79, 80) contributes to Roemer & 
Schaudinn’s ‘Fauna Arctica’ a discussion of the distribution of 27 
species of Echinoids and 6 of Crinoids, which makes it noteworthy that 
the only species obtained by those gentlemen in the Arctic were Stronglo 
centrotus droebachiensis , Antedon eschrichti , and A. prolixa. Kemp (152) 
has drawn up a useful list of shallow and deep water echinoderms from 
W. Ireland, marred only by misuse of brackets. KoEhler & Vaney (164) 
discuss the deep sea Holothurian fauna of the Indian Ocean as dredged by 
H.M.S. Investigator, and consider that in general the deep-sea fatina 
is more broken up and less cosmopolitan than was once supposed. The 
distribution of various Asterids and Ophiurids collected by the Swedish 
Magellan Expedition is discussed by Ludwig (199) who gives many 
interesting anatomical details. Such are also contained in the description 
of Holothuriatis from the Horn and from New Zealand by R. Perrier 
(249) ; who considers that bipolarity is ho general principle but a peculiar 
distribution of a few species, demanding independent explanation in each 
case. The increased collections of Fourtau enable him (98) to add much 
valuable information concerning the Eocene and Upper Cretaceous 
Echinoids of Egypt. 
IV, Systematic. Species unfortunately have been foundod on larvae 
before now, but Garbowski (107) is the first to base a systematic division 
on a minute difference in the Dvum alone. On the other hand, the real aid 
that biometry can render taxonomy is admirably illustrated by Edwards 
(88) from two species of Holothuria. 
Grobben (124), following Metschnikoff, places the Echinoderma and 
Enteropneusta in a phylum Ambulacralia characterized by a prostoma 
functioning as anus, a secondary ventral mouth-opening, and a hydrocoel. 
Among Holothurians, new species of Myriotrochinae , a subfamily 
hitherto known only from Arctic or Sub-Arctic Europe, are described 
from Korea by OstergrEN (236), whose description (325) of new species 
of Scandinavian and Arctic Synaptids contains important notes on 
taxonomy. Keferstein’s little known Rhabdomolgus , rediscovered off 
Helgoland, is proved by LUDWig (196) to be a low form of Synaptidae. 
A new Psolus from California is described by FishEr (93)» Koehler & 
Vaney (164) introduce 59 new species and the following new genera of 
deep-sea Holothurians : Dendrothuria , Pseudotkuria, Allopatides , Perizona , 
