38 Eckin. 
XIV. . ECHINODERMA. 
[ 1905 ] 
ii. Relations of Rchinoderma : — Place and definition of Echino- 
derma in an embryologic classification of Metazoa ; Hallez (127). — 
Echinoderma allied with Enteropneusta to form a phylum Ambula- 
cralia ; Grobben (124).— Brief account of previous theories, exposition, 
and criticism of the Pentasomaea of Herouard (121, Zool. Rec. 1904); 
Kemna (151). 
iii. Phylogenies of smaller groups Zonal Evolution of Chalk 
Micraster ; Treacher (319) p. 158. 
(B.) MORPHOLOGY. 
i. Anatomy : — 
a. EC RI NODERM A. 
1. General accounts : — Grobben (124).— Hertwig (136 & 
136a) pp. 300-320. — Porter (259). — Popular ; Scherren 
(289) : littoral Echinoderms ; Furneaux (102a) pp. 157-171, 
pi. iv : structure and classification ; Davis (68) ii, p. 450, text- 
figg. and coloured plate. 
2. Symmetries; — Vacant. 
3. Homologies of Classes : — Vacant. 
Jf. Skeletal tissue or Stereom ; — The commencing spicule 
not a tetrahedron; Woodland (344) p. 312. 
5-8. Vacant. 
9. Nerve-System and Sense-organs: — L ukas (201). — 
“ Direction-eyes M in Ech. and Ait., popular; Davis (68) vii, 
p. 41. 
10-12. Vacant. 
b. H0L0 TH URIOIDEA . 
1. General Anatomy: — General account, semi-popular; 
Sheldon (299) pp. 190-195 : ditto, in Dutch ; Koningsberger 
(166) pp. 1-12, pis. i-iii. — Anat. Caudina arenata , orig. fig.; 
Kingsley in Hertwig (136). — Anat. Synapta bergensis ; 
Ostergren (235). — Anat. notes on various spp., see genera 
under iii, a, iv & vi ; Perrier (249 : ditto, see iii, a, iii ; 
Koehler & Vaney (164). 
2-5, Vacant. 
6. Hydrocoel and associated cavities : — Sucking feet and 
other podia of Synallactes ; Perrier (249) p. 7. 
7. Coelom and other body-cavities : — Genital lacuna and 
aboral sinus in Phyllophorus ; Polara (258). 
8. Digestive System : — Vacant. 
9. Nervous System and Sense-organs :— Nerve-fibrils in 
perioesophageal ring Synapta ; Bochenek (33). 
10. Mesodermal tissues (exc. skeletal) : — Vacant. 
11. Axial organ: — Vacant. 
12. Genital System : — Genital caeca and connection with gono- 
duct in Phyllophorus ; Polara (258). 
c. ECH I NO IDEA . 
1. General Account: — Semi-popular; Sheldon (299) pp. 171- 
190 : elementary “sea-urchin ” ; Colton (62) I, p. 338. 
2. Symmetries :— Vacant. 
8. Homologies with other Classes : — Vacant. 
1^. Stereom :— Formation of spicular skeleton in Echinus pluteus ; 
Woodland (344). — Section of Echinus radiole x 60 diam. ; 
Kerr (153) p. 65, pi. xv. 
