40 Echin. 
XIV. ECHINODERMA. 
[1905] 
thrio” for articulatipn between brachials (p. 168), “Syzygial 
pair 3> consists of two independent brachials “ hypozygal ” and 
“epizygal,” the method of reckoning adopted by Bather (op. 
cit. et passim) fully adopted and proved (pp. 168-177, 180), 
more than one branching due to regeneration (see n, d, vii, 1) ; 
Minckert (214). — JBB supposed in Apiocr. ; Toit (315). — 
Complete description of Cleiocr ., comparison with Reteocr. 
and Glyptocr . ; Springer (306). 
6. Hydrocoel &c. : — Water- vascular system and pores ; Ha- 
mann (129) p. 1480. 
7. Coelom &c. General account ; Hamann (129) p. 1487. 
8. Digestive System: — Relations of sub vective grooves, mouth, 
gut and anus in Antedon , orig. fig. ; Kingsley in Hertwig 
( 136) p. 341. 
9. Nervous Systems : — Axial canals (p. 1466) and nervous 
system (p. 1468), sense-organs (p. 1478) ; Hamann (129). — 
Dorsal nerve-system Penta'cr. [ = /socr.] commissure in BB, 
brachial chiasmas, chambered organ blind above, its extensions 
in stem and cirri, function partly nutritive ; Reichensperger 
(267). 
10. Mesodermal ^issues (exc. skeletal) : — Muscles of arms and 
cirri ; Hamann (129) p. 1463. 
11. Axial organ; — General account ; Hamann (129) p. 1492. — 
Of Pentacr. [=/socr.] ; Reichensperger (267). 
12. Generative Organs and Gonads : — Axial complex con- 
nected with genital rachides, lymph-cells wander outwards and 
change into gonads ; Reichensperger (267). 
g. CYST IDE A. 
1. General Account: — Semi-popular; Sheldon (299) pp. 145- 
149. 
2-12. Vacant. 
h. BLASTOIDEA. 
1. General Account: — Semi-popular; Sheldon (299) pp. 149- 
151. 
2-12. Vacant. 
ii. Variation : — 
a. In form : — Vacant. 
b. In form and surface characters: — in Peltaster nidarosiensis ; 
Grieg (121) : in Pentagonaster granulans ; Grieg (122) : in 
mouth-shields of Ophiura siejnata ; Kemp (152) p. 193, pi. xxxv. 
c. In colour: — in Ophiophohs not due to different pigments ; Grif- 
fiths (123). — Colour in life of various spp. of Mueller ia, Stichopus ) 
Holothuria\ Koningsbergeii (166) : in life and spirit of deop sea 
Hoi., for genera soo ill, a, iii ; Koehler & Vaney (164) : in formol 
of Somali Hoi. , see ill, a, iii ; Vaney (326) : in life of Synapta 
digitata , Cucumaria elongata et juv., Synapta digitata prof undicola 
(and in spirit), Laetmogone violacea , Asthenosoma hystrix ; Kemp 
(152): in life of many Ast ., see iii, a, iv ; Fisher (92). — Colour of 
littoral Oph., see list of genera iii, a, iii ; Koehler (160). 
d. Meristic variation : — 
1 . Variation from pentamerous symmetry : — 4 rayed Astropecten 
exiguus ; Ludwig (197) p. 72. — 4 rayed Nymphaster sub- 
spinosus ; Kemp (152) p. 189. — 4 and 6 rayed Pentagonaster 
granularis ; Grieg (122) p. 5. — 5 and 6 rayed Ophiactis 
savignyi ; Koehler (160) p. 26. 
2. Reduplication or absence of parts : — Apparent discontinuous 
variation often due to augmentative regeneration ; Minckert 
