42 Echin. 
XIV. ECHINODERMA. 
[ 1905 ] 
H0rring (142). — Various spp. at Balearic Is.; Buen (44). (b) Of 
various spp., see lists hi, a, ii ; Kemp (152). — Bathyplotes , Mesothuria, 
Cucumaria , Myriotrochus, on clay in deep water ; Nordgaard (230) 
p. 241 . — Cucumaria at Beaufort, N. C. ; Grave 118. (c) of various 
spp., see lists hi, a, ii ; Kemp (152). (d) Bottom affected by spp. of 
Ast. in Pacific, for genera see hi, a, iv ; Ludwig (197) : ditto, S. 
Patagonia, see hi, a, vi ; Ludwig (199 ). — Ctenodiscus crispatus , mud- 
eater ; Nordgaard (230) p. 244. (e) of various spp., see lists in, a, 
ii : Kemp (152 ). — Ophiacantha spectabilis on Lophohelia> 1 always ; 
Nordgaard (230) p. 239. (f) of Antedon bifida , bottoms of moored 
bulks ; Kemp (152) p. 179. 
iv. Feeding (a) Lukas (201) : Food; Davis (68) hi, p. 153, iv, p. 264. 
(d) Asterias rubens eats hermit-crabs ; Bolau (36). 
v. Defence and Protection : — Protection (IV, pp. 285, 287), Pro- 
tective armour (iv, p. 340), Active defence (iv, p. 361) ; Davis (68). 
vi. Locomotion : — (a) movement in general and locomotion ; Lukas 
(201). — Swimming Echinoderms (v, p. 23), creeping Echinoderms 
(v, p. 90, figg.) ; Davis (68). (b) Synapta movements ; S afford 
(284) p. 89. (d, e, f) Climbing of Ast. (v, p. 231), of Oph. and 
Crin. (v, p. 278), Locomotion of Oph. (v, p. 114) ; Davis (68). 
vii. Autotomy and Regeneration: — (a) Autotomy ; Lukas (201).— 
Regeneration, experimental ; Maas (202) p. 98 : and teratogenesis ; 
Przibram (262). (b) Autotomy or division above coil of gut pro- 
duces a straight gut, in Synapta ; Ostergren (235) pp. cxxxv, cxlv. 
(c) Pluteus of Mellita testudinata lacks this faculty almost wholly ; 
Grave (119). (d) Regeneration, A st . ; McIntosh (204) : Davis (68) 
vi, p. 328. — Forked disc-appendage probably due to regeneration, in 
Porcellanaster pacificus ; Ludwig (197) p. 90. (e) Rate of re- 
generation of rays in Ophioglypha ; Zeleny (339) pp. 7-17 : more 
rapid the greater the injury ; Zeleny (340). (f) Regenerated parts 
of a lighter colour than the older parts, in arms of Antedon (p. 178), 
regeneration of cirri, of disc [i.e. tegrnen and viscera], of pinnules, of 
rays [i.e. brachia], of arms [i.e. finials], the last being either simply 
reproductive or augmentative (pp. 187-205); in Antedonidae and 
Act inometr idee all arm-branching after the first is duo to augmentative 
regeneration (pp. 210-232), syzygies and modified articulations are 
predestined planes of autotomy, hypozygals are predestined bases of 
regeneration (pp. 232-240) ; Minckert (214). — Regeneration of cirri in 
Promachocr. (p. 501), of arms in Promachocr. and Decametrocr. con- 
trasted (p. 493) ; Minckert (213). 
viii. Parasites and Commensals (a) P£rez (246).— Resemblance 
of their position to that of the young ; Giard (110) p. 256. (b) Qas- 
terosiphon (olim Entosiphon ), gastropod in Deima blakei ; Koehler & 
Vaney (164) p. 56. (c) Pinnaxodes chilensis , Decapod Crustacean in 
rectum Strongylocentrotus ; Ortmann (234) p. 697. — Eumedon , a crab 
commensal in apical region of Echinothrix ; Bouvier (37). (d) Myzo- 
stoma fisher i in body-cavity of Tosia leptoceramus Fisher, S. California ; 
Wheeler (327) : Fisher (92) p. 307. — Dendrogastei\ cirri pede in 
body-cavity of Dipsacaster and Echinaster ; Le Roi (182). — Branched 
parasite, nondescr., in Persephonaster armiger , perhaps parasitic 
castration ; Ludwig (197) p. 41. (e) Gastropod on Ophiothrix 
stelligera ; Koehler (160) p. 87. — A Chaetopod, Ophiuncola cynips , 
parasitic on arms of Ophioglypha tumulosa ; Ludwig (198). (f) Myzo- 
stoma on A ntedon ; Graeffe (117). — Coral, Alonilopora amplexa 
causing swellings on Crin. stems, esp. Platycr ., also constriction of 
stems by Bryozoa ; Rowley (282) p. 304. 
