BIOLOGY, (ii, D, iii — x : E, i — iii.) Echin. 43 
ix. Echinoderms as Food : — (a) Davis (68) vii, p. 217. (b) Sti- 
chopus and Cucumaria food of Gadus collar ias, Phyllophorus food of 
G. aeglefinus ; Nordgaard (230) p. 161 . — Thy one fusus in Scy Ilium ; 
Kemp (152) p. 178.— Hoi. as food of man ; Koningsberger (166). 
(c) Toxopneustes as food of Anarrhichas lupus (p. 183) ; Ditlevsen (77) 
Amphidetus cordatus as food of Hippogtossoides platessoides (p. 205) ; 
H0rring (142). (e) Ophiopholis acmeata as food of Gadus callarias 
(p. 193), ditto and Ophioglypha alhida as food of Hippoglossoides 
platessoides (p. 205) ; H0RRING (142) : Oph., of H. platessoides ; 
Ditlevsen (77) p. 206. 
x. Echinoderms in Geological Aspect: — Relations of Echino- 
derm remains to dolomitization ; Skeats (302) pp. 124, 135. — Pseudo- 
gaylussite and Ech. tests ; Macnair (205). — Grin, ns rockformers 
Trias and Lias of E. Alps ; Esoher-Hess (89). — Grinoid Limestones 
of Liassic (p. 268), Lower Cretaceous (pp. 271-274), and Upper 
Cretaceous (pp. 273, 274) of Unterengadin ; Paulcke (243). 
(E.) MISCELLANEOUS. 
i. Research and Instruction 
a. Preservation : — Collection and preservation of littoral Echino- 
derms; Furneaux (102a) p. 79. — Curious methods of collecting 
foss. Ech.', Savin (286) p. 111. — Formol dangerous for Echinoderms ; 
Bell (26) p. 241. — Staining pluteus of Echinus for study of spicules ; 
Woodland (344) p. 308. 
b. Methods of research: — Importance of biometry in taxonomy; 
Edwards (88). — Method of measuring spicules in Synapta ; Oster- 
gren (235) p. cxxxvii. — Decalcification and staining, Pentacr. ; 
Reichensperger (267). — Study of axial organ in Ast ., decalcifica- 
tion ; Pietschmann (256). — Celloidin paraffin sections of yolky ova ; 
Henderson (134). 
c. Museum Exhibits and Collections : — Boston, Mass., museum 
guide, Echinoderma recent and fossil ; Sheldon (299) pp. 145-195. — 
Tubingen Geol. Mus. Guide, mentions Echinoderms in collection, 
esp. Pentacr . subangularis ; Koken (165). — Nicholson Institute, 
Leek, Staffs., Carboniferous Crin . ; Wardle (331). — Types of Cre- 
taceous Ech., Ast., Crin. at Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia ; Johnson 
( 146).— List of type-specimens of fossil Echinoderma in U. S. Nat. 
Mus. (322) : of fossil Pelmatozoa in State Mus. N. Y. ; Clarke 
(57 & 60). 
d. Instruction: — Text-books; Grobben (124), Hertwig (136 & 
136a), Porter (259). — Elementary account and guide to practical 
work of recent Echinoderms, esp. starfish and sea-urchin ; Colton 
( 62) i, p. 331, ii, p. 177. — Dissection of Starfish and Sea-urchin, 
and Holothurian ; Weed (332). — Characteristic fossils ; Fraipont 
( 99). — Guide to experimental morphology ; Przibram (262).— Ditto, 
embryology ; Maas (202). 
ii. Economics : — see II, d, ix, Echinoderms as food. — Commercially 
valuable spp. of Hoi., districts of trepang-fishery in Dutch E. Indies ; 
Koningsberger (166) pp. 26 et sqq. — Ech. as “personal enemies” of 
man ; Davis (68) vm, p. 344. — Asterias diminishes numbers of Pleuro- 
nectes platessa by eating their molluscan food, its value as manure ; 
Petersen (253). 
iii. Bibliography : — Literature for 1893 abstracted ; Bergmann (30) : 
for 1905 ; Ludwig (200) : of Crin. ; Hamann (129) pp. 1431-1441 : 
of Arctic Ech. ; Doederlein (79) p. 393 : of Arctic Crin. ; Doeder- 
