XVII. SPONGRE. 
6 tyong. 
[ 1905 ] 
42. Weinschenk, E. Ueber die Skeletteile der Kalkschwamme. Centrbl. 
Mineral. 1905, pp. 58 f -588. 
Abstract by Lendenfeld in Zool. Zentrlbl. xii, p. 804. 
43. Weltner, W. SpongiiB fur 1903. Arch. Naturg. lxv, ii, 3, pp. 495- 
525. 
44. Whitelegge, T. Western Australian prawns and sponges. Rec. 
Austral. Mus. vi, pp. 119 & 120. 
45. Whitfield, R. P. Descriptions of new fossil Sponges from the 
Hamilton group of Indiana. Bull. Amer. Mus. xxi, pp. 297-300, 
pis. ix-xi. 
46. Wilson, H. V. The sponges of the “ Albatross ” 1891 expedition. 
J. E. Mitchell Soc. xxi, pp. 35-44. 
47. Woodland, W. Studies in Spicule-Formation, i. The development 
and structure of the Spicules in Sycons : with remarks on the 
conformation, inodes of disposition and evolution in Calcareous 
Sponges generally. Quart. J. Micr. Sci. (n. s.) xlix, pp. 231-282, 
pis. 13-15, with 11 text-figg. 
48. ZahXlka, ( 3 . Pasmo x kridvdhd titvaru v. Pojizeri (Zone x der Kreide- 
formation im Isergebiet). SB. Bohmisch. Ges. 1905, No. xvii, 185 pp., 
4 pis. 
II. BIOLOGY. 
A. Evolution and Phylogeny. 
Position of sponges in the animal kingdom ; Bartelletti (2). 
Variation in sponges, in shape, anatomy, skeletal framework and skeletal 
elements, pp. 38, 39 and 42 ; correlated and uncorrelated variation, p. 40 ; 
qualitative variation, p. 41 ; variation towards other species, p. 41 : 
Wilson (46). 
Evolution of spicules in Calcarea ; Woodland (47) pp. 277 & 278. 
Phylogeny of Hexactinellida ; Minohin (22). 
The Myxospongiae regarded as primitive and standing at the bottom of 
the non -calcareous sponges, Chondrosia on the other hand regarded as a 
reduced siliceous sponge in which the absence of skeleton is secondary, 
p. 60 : the Plakinidaz are the most primitive group of the Tetraxonida, 
p. 65 : the Monaxonellida are descended from tetraxonid ancestors, the 
Astromonaxonellida from Astrophora and the Sigmatomonaxonellida from 
Sigmatophora, pp. 105 & 106, and pp. 133-135 : the Tethyidce may have 
originated through the Epipolasidce from stellettid ancestors, p. Ill : the 
Reratosa comprise two sections : the Euceratosa are a natural group 
descended from the Myxospongidae, their evolution starts with the 
Aplysillidce and ends with the Spongiida), p. 203 : the Pseudoceratosa 
are descended from Monaxonellid ancestors, p. 64 and p. 201 : Dendy (8). 
B. Morphology. 
(i) General Accounts. 
Vacant. 
(ii) External Characters. 
Variatipn in forms of sponges ; Wilson (46) p. 39. 
External form of Ascons ; Urban (39) pp, 38-41. 
Form, size, and colonr of species of Raspailia ; Pick (28) pp. 37 & 38. 
