24 Echin. 
V. Echinoderma. 
[1906] 
ETHOLOGY AND BIONOMICS. 
1019 
1. General accounts. 
Bionomics of recent Echinoderma 
treated generally and in detail (passim) ; 
MacBride, (2). 
Popular account ; Manger. 
Mode of life of Sphaerites , reef- 
dwellers ; Schoendorf, 2, (300). 
General account, recent Crin ; Ha- 
mann, (1542). 
2. Special habits. 
Vacant. 
3. Habitat. 
Habitat of various Echinoderms 
changed by Vesuvian eruption, e.g., 
Synapta found in Plankton ; Lo Bianco. 
Young of certain Tlolothuria in deep 
water, adults migrate to shallow ; 
Polara, 2. 
Oozy bottom, use of funnel-shaped 
radicles in Echinothuridae ; Doflein, 
(255, 269). 
Deep sea forms, e.g., Pourtalesia, 
Echinothuridae, in depths of 100-200 m. ; 
Doflein, (252). 
4, Feeding. 
Mode of feeding and food of Pela- 
gothuria ; Kemna. 
Food of various spp. Ilawaian Ast., 
for list of genera see 1027, A, iv. ; 
Fisher, 3. 
Pentaceros , Astropeeten, and Luidia 
feed on Margaritifera vulgaris ; Herd- 
man, 2 & 3. 
Feeding of larvae, Ophiothrix ; 
MacBride, 1. 
5. Defence and Protection. 
Poison and poison glands in Ast. Ech. 
Hoi., compilation; Faust, (229, 230). 
All four kinds of pedicellariae 
poisonous ; effect on various animals, 
none on Hoi., Ast., or frogs; Henri & 
Kayalof. 
Protection of gut by coagulation of 
coelomic fluid in Ech. ; Henri : ditto and 
protection of test ; Cuenot. 
Skin glands, Echinaster ; Barthels. 
6. Locomotion. 
Floating and movomont of Pela - 
gothuria ; Kemna. 
Locomotion of Asterias ; Bohn. 
Swimming by podia, Luidia ; Fisher, 
3, (1035). 
7. Autotomy and Regeneration. 
Regeneration, general speculations 
illustrated by arm of Antedou and ovum 
of Strongylocentrotus ; Przibram. 
General account in Crinoidea ; 
Hamann, (1538). 
Autotomy of Antedon under change of 
temperature and during fall of ashes ; 
Lo Bianco, (94, 101). 
8. Parasites and Commensals. 
Cystohia chiridotae, gregarino in body- 
cavity and blood-vessels of Chiridola 
pellucida ; Dogiel. 
Turbellarinn Anoplodiuvi in gut and 
body- cavity of Ilolothuria ; Briot, 3. 
Turbellarian Syndesmis in gut of 
Paracentrotus and Sphaerechinus, 
di (Terence of colour according to host ; 
Briot, 3. 
Parasitic Trematode in gut of Phormo- 
soma indicum; Schurig. 
Five gastropods, Stylifer, on Stereo- 
cidaris, inducing malformation ; 
Doederlein, 2, (115, pi.). 
Petrolesthes patagonicus, Anomurous 
decapod commensal Asteracanthion 
helianthus ; Bouvier, 1. 
Philichthys, copepod in ovary of 
Amphiura squamata ; Herouard, 4. 
Myzostoma ectoparasite on Pentacr ; 
Reichensperger. 
9. Protection of young. 
Care of brood in Cueumaria lateralis 
and Psolus granulosus ; Vaney, 3, (3). 
