25 Echin. 
Ethology and Variation. 
1019, 1023 
Young in body-cavity of Synapta 
mimiba ; Becher, (508). 
Protection of young, Anasberias 
tenera ; Koehler, 4 & 5, (16) 
Protection of young in Anbedon ; 
Hamann, (1537). 
10. Sexual Dimorphism. Vacant. 
11. Relation to Other Animals, as 
Food, &c. 
As food of fisli — of Plenronecbea pla- 
bessa, Echinocyamus ; of P. limanda, 
Ophioglypha , Opliiura ; Johnstone, (243- 
246).' 
Oph. as food of young Luidia ; Delap, 
2, (15). 
Pearl oyster attacked by Asb. (vide 4) ; 
Herdman, 2 & 3. 
12. In Geological aspect. 
Effect of ashes from Vesuvius ; kill 
Sphaer echinus, Arbcicia, Strongylocen- 
brobus, Dorocidaris by clogging madre- 
porite, not Echinocyamus and others ; 
kill Luidia, not other Asb. or Oph. ; 
kill liolobhuria, not Phyllophorus or 
Synapba ; kill Anbedon ; Lo Bianco. 
Geological history of Echinoderms 
esp. in N. America, (see reff. under 
1027, B); Weller. 
Grin, fragments, stereom replaced by 
magnetite, Lower Devonian ; Cayeux. 
Calcari ad echini, Langhian, Mt. 
Carpegna, N. Italy ; Chelussi. 
Echinoderm fragments as components 
of Turonian chalk ; Hill in Burnet, (213, 
pi. 18). 
Echinoderm breccia in Bajocian, 
Kientaleralps ; Gerber, (71). 
Cystid Limest., Sphaeronis, Echino- 
sphaera ; Hedstrpm & Wiman, (104, 109). 
See also Nichols. 
13. Phaenology. 
Vacant ; but see references to Plank- 
ton larvae, 1015, 10, and 527, A. 
VARIATION AND AETIOLOGY. 
1023 
1. In form and surface-characters. 
Form and tuberculation, Sphaere- 
cliinus granularis, Sbrongylocenbrobus 
lividus ; Checchia, 2, (92). 
Absence of lateral fasciole from some 
specimens of Linbhia oblonga ; Gregory, 
(249). 
Variations in spp. Hawaian Asb., for 
list of genera see 1027, A, iv ; Fisher, 3. 
2. In colour. 
Colour in life of spp. Hawaian Asb., 
for list of genera see 1027, A, iv ; Fisher, 
3. 
3. Meristic: numerical. 
Variation in numbers of primi bracks, 
Forbesiocr., Taxocr.; Springer, (489). 
4-rayed and 6-rayed Penbremibes 
godoni , 4-rayed Taxocr. ; Springer, (489). 
In Grinoidea, general account ; 
Hamann, (1549). 
4. Meristic: homoeotic. 
Vacant. 
5. Teratological. 
Abnormal formation of dorsal organ 
mPhormosomaindicum\ Schurig, (334). 
Two gonopores on madreporite, 
Cenbrosbephanus longispinus ; Checchia, 
2 , ( 88 ). 
In radial of Symbabhocr ; Beede, 
(1262). 
In Grinoidea, general account 
Hamann, (1549). 
6. Bionomic. 
Variation in occurrence of pedicel- 
lariae in same species of Echinoid, 
different locc. ; Doederlein, 2, (93, 94). 
Variation of gonads oiEcli, according 
to loc. ; Fischel, 1 , (501). 
Ambulacral pores of Echinocorys 
reduced in forms immersed in ooze ; 
Fourtau, (152). 
Variability in occurrence of Stewart’s 
organs in Echinobhuridae', Schurig, 
(294). 
Dwarfing of Penbremibes in a certain 
area, biometrically studied, causes dis- 
cussed ;_Smith, (1237). 
