20 Echin. 
v. Echinoderma. 
DISTRIBUTION 
[1906] 
1027 
7. Mutational. 
Mutation of Discoideci cylindrica ; 
Bosworth. 
Mutational varr. Echinocorys scutntna ; 
White & Treacher. 
Developmental and specific variation 
in Pentremitea conoidcua biometrically 
studied and contrasted ; Smith. 
8. Evolution, general principles. 
Convergence in external characters 
between spp. of Anaateriaa and Diplaa- 
teriaa ; Koehler, 4 & 5. 
Principles governing evolution of 
Echinoderms, esp. in N. America (see 
reff. under 1027B) ; Weller. 
Evolution of anal structures, of 
brachials, and of perisomic plates in 
Crinoidea Flexibilia, relative value of 
different characters ; Springer, (494). 
9. Evolution: relations to other 
Phyla. 
Relations of Echinoderma to hypo- 
thetical Protocoelomata and to liemi- 
chordata , and origin of Classes ; Mac- 
Bride, 2, (616-623). 
10. Evolution : phylogeny of 
smaller groups. 
Phylogeny of Holothurians ; Mac- 
Bride, 2, (578). 
Suggested origin of Pelagothuria ; 
Kemna. 
Relationships of main Echinoid 
groups, Cidaridae, Echinothuriidae, 
Diadematina, Saleniidae & Arba- 
ciidae, Echinina , Irregularia, (81), 
phylogenetic relations genera of Echi- 
nidae , (203) ; Doederlein, 2. 
Eclnnothnridae allied to Diadematidae 
rather than to Cidaridae ; Schurig, 
(342). 
Evolution and classification of 
Cretaceo - Tertiary Spatangids ; Lam- 
bert, 8, (108). 
Evolution of Sehiza8ter, Briaaus and 
allies ; Fourtau, (143) ; Lambert, 8, 
(123). 
Phylogeny and classification of 
Crinoidea Flexibilia ; Springer, (493). 
Descent of Pentremitea from Codaster ; 
Smith, (1235). 
A. Geographical. 
i. General. 
Bipolarity objected to ; Vaney, 3 ; 
Koehler, 2. 
Geogr. Distrib. Echinoderma, general 
and bathymetric ; Trouessart, (236). 
Bathymetric, of Pelagothuria ; 
Herouard, 3. 
Ech. of Valdivia Exped. from 
Atlantic, Cape Colony, Antarctic and 
Subantarctic, Sumatra, Nicobars and 
Maldives, E. Africa, with spp. nn. 
under Linthia , Schizaster, Maretia , 
Prionechinua, Stereocidaria, and 
numerous varr. nn., genn. nn. Pro- 
tocentrotus, Meijerea ; Doederlein, 2, 
(271-277, et passim). 
ii. Atlantic Ocean and adjacent 
seas. 
North Sea, southern part, Echino- 
derma collected by the “ Wodan.” 
Tescli. 
N. Sea, Danish Seas, Plankton, 
larvae; Conseil intemat, 1, (190). 
Skagerak, Plankton, Luidia larva (36), 
Danish seas, Opliiopluteua and Spatan- 
gua larva (40), Belgian seas, Oph. larvae 
(48) ; Conseil intemat, 2. 
Skagerak, Ech. larva (63), N. Sea, 
various larvae (69, 82, 88), English 
Channel, Oph. larva (76) ; Conseil 
internat, 3. 
Helgoland, Synapta minuta sp. n. ; 
Becher. 
N. Atlantic, Pelagothuria sp. n. ; 
Herouard, 3. 
Luce Bay, Wigtonshire, Solaater , 
Ophiura, Aatropecten , Asteriaa, Echinus, 
Echinocyamua , Thy one, Cucumaria ; 
Fishguard Bay, Milford Haven, Ophiura, 
Asteriaa, Echinus ; Johnstone. 
Irish coast, plankton, various larvae 
and young Oph ; Gough, (12, 22, 34, 36, 
50, 52). 
Ireland, Valencia, Bipinnaria of Ast. 
and Pluteus ; Delap, 1. (5) : Luidia 
larva ; Delap, 2, (15). 
Mediterranean, Sicily littoral, list of 
Ech., esp. spp. of Centrostephanus, 
