4 Echin. 
XIV. ECHINODERMA. 
Zealand species. In Echinoidea the only work of importance has been 
done on fossils, especially by Gregory (108, 109, 110), Jackson & Jaggar 
(139, 140), and Tornquist (326, 327). The writings of Lambert also 
contain many valuable notes. A small contribution to the anatomy 
of the generative organs in Asteroidea is made by Leipoldt (186); but for 
this group a storehouse of information is afforded by Ludwig (198, 210), 
whose monograph is an admirable example of thorough work and lucid 
arrangement. The anatomy of fossil Crinoidea is fully described in Wachb- 
muth & Springer (336); Bather (24) gives a detailed account of Uinta - 
crinus\ and Weller & Davidson (341) introduce too briefly a new type 
of arm-structure in their genus Petalocrinus. Among Cystidea , more 
details are needed concerning Whiteaves’ strange genus Asterocystis (345) 
now called Steganoblastus. The monograph of Haeckel (119) on this 
Class adds little to our knowledge of their structure. Under Blastoidea 
there is little of importance except Oehlert’s (250) restored diagram 
of Pentremitidea. 
Considerable attention is paid by many authors to variation, but the 
only paper specially dealing with the subject is Lahille’s careful study of 
Monophora darwini (176). 
c. The chief paper of a purely physiological nature is that by Stone 
(321) on the pyloric caeca of Asterias. 
d. Observations on Bionomics are numerous but scattered. Monti- 
celli (242) has studied the autotomy of Cucumaria ; Schiemenz (295) tells 
us how starfish open oysters; Ostergren (255) proves the locomotion of 
Holothurians by their anchors; Mortensen (244) has discovered an alga 
that eats the test of an Ophiurid; and Ludwig (206) has found a new 
Gastropod in a Chiridota. Walther (338) discourses charmingly on the 
life of fossils. 
e. The chief paper of Embryological interest is undoubtedly Mac- 
Bride’s (212) on Asterina ; this will soon be supplemented by Goto (see 
102). Ziegler (355) has notes on the development of Ophiothrix , and 
Clark (53) on that of Synapta. It is pleasing to see the increasing amount 
of attention paid to post-larval changes. Under this head are important 
papers by Arnaud (15), Jackson (139), Lahille (176), Lambert (178), 
Mitsukuri (238) and Mortensen (244) ; but the importance of this method 
of research is obvious to other workers. 
Echinoderms continue as heretofore to furnish numerous data for the 
study of developmental mechanics. Special reference may be made 
to the observations of Hammar (123), MacBride (213), Andrews (7 & 8) 
and Theel (325), all of which show the pseudopodial activities of cells and 
the intimate connection between them. 
III. a. The study of faunas is continued by the Prince of Monaco, 
and much has been done in the N. Atlantic. See Koehler & Perrier. 
The Echinoderms of the Indian Ocean, dredged by H.M.S. ‘Investigator’ 
are in the hands of Koehler (167), who, it is stated, will keep all dupli- 
cates. Funafuti has not contributed much of interest (see Whitelegge 
346). Mitsukuri (240) finds Sphcerothuria off’ Japan. 
B. Under Geological distribution we note a supposed Palechinus 
from the Silurian of Now South Wales (Mitchell 236) ; llapalocrinus 
from the Silurian of V ictoria, Merocrinus from the Ordovician of England, 
and Uintacrinus from the Cretaceous of England (Bather 30, 20, 25) ; 
Noetling (248) introduces Maestriclitian Echinoids from Baluchistan ; 
Crema (59) additions to the Muschelkalk fauna ; Oehlert (250) studies a 
Devonian fauna from Spain; and Pomreckj, the Cambrian Cystids of 
Tejrovic & Skrej in Bohemia. 
IV. That the amount of systematic work has been considerable may 
be judged from the fact that we here record the proposal of 512 new species 
and 82 new genera, distributed as follows : — 
