BIOLOGY. (II, A. B, i, a, b.) 
Echin. 37 
embryonic growth of Echinaster sepositus to be descended from Phanero- 
zonia ; Ludwig (207). 
Unstalked Crinoidea not homogenetic, separated into physiological 
groups ; Bather (24) p. 995.. — Relations of the Classes of Pelmatozoa and 
evolution of Crinoidea ; Wachsmuth & Springer (336) p. 141. 
Origin of Blastoidea from Cy st idea Rhombif 'era, via Cystoblastus ; Jaekel 
(141). 
(B.) MORPHOLOGY. 
(i) Anatomy. 
(a) ECHINODERMA . 
(1) General accounts: — B ather (28) p. 88. — Of Echinoderma and 
all classes; Bather (26). — Of Echinoderma and all recent classes; Bather 
(29), Hertwig (129) pp. 294-313. — Of anatomy of Echinoderma ; Haeckel 
(116) pp. 348, 366. — Ambulacral, ccclomic, absorbent, generative, and 
nervous systems in Ast, Oph ., Crin., Ech ., and Idol., their general homo- 
logies and relations of the Classes ; Perrier (262). 
(2) Symmetries: — P errier (264). — Bilateral, triradial, pentaradial, 
multiradial, dorso-vontral ; Haeckel (116) p. 375 et seqq. 
(3) Homologies of Classes: — Of calycinal plates and symmetries 
in Crin. and Ast. ; Macbride (212) p. 393. — Of calycinal system in Crin. 
and Ast. ; Perrier (263) pp. 5, 12. 
(4) Skeletal tissue: — Vacant, but see under c. 4 and F. vi. c. 4. 
(5) Skeletal Anatomy: — Spines, pedicellariae, and skeleton gene- 
rally; Haeckel (116) p. 391. 
(6) Hydrocoel and associated structures: — Subvective or food- 
groove system (p. 400), ambulacral system (p. 402); respiratory organs in 
the various classes, recent and fossil (p. 410); Haeckel (116). 
(7) Other body-cavities and contents: — Coelomic cavities, ‘me- 
gaccel,’ ‘olenocoel,’ ‘paraxon-sinus,’ etc. (p. 414); blood — vascular and 
lacunar systems (p. 408); Haeckel (116). — Amcebocytes and blood- 
corpuscles, rtfsum^; CuIsnot (61) p. 179. 
(8) Gut system: — H aeckel (116) p. 411. 
(9) Nervous systems (p. 396), sense-organs (p. 398); Haeckel (116). 
(10) Mesodermal tissues: — Tegument (p. 390), muscles (p. 394); 
Haeckel (116). 
(11) Axial organ or Ovoid gland : — r6sum4; Cu^NOT(61)p. 179. — Here 
called ‘Paraxadenia’; Haeckel (116) p. 418. — “ Paraxon -druse ” ; Haeckel 
(117) p. 403. 
(12) Genital system: — H aeckel (116) p. 420. 
(b) HOLO TH URIOIDEA . 
(1) General anatomy of Holothurians ; Haeckel (116) p. 434. — 
Anatomy of Synallactince ; Ostergren (253). — Of Stichopus griegi and 
S. tremulus ; Ostergren (254). — Of Synapta vivipara ; Clark (53). 
(4, 5) Spicules and pharyngeal skeleton, Chirodota dunedinensis (pp. 27, 
49), Caudina coriacea (p. 30), Cucumaria huttoni (p. 32), Colochirus alba 
(p. 36), C. ocnoides (p. 37), C. calcarea (p. 39), C. brevidentis (p. 41), 
Thyonidium lonaidcntis (p. 46), Stichopus mollis (p. 48); Dendy (63).-/- 
Skoleton of Holothurians; Haeckel (116) p. 433. — Anchors and anchor- 
plates of Synapta , Chiridota, Ank.yroderma , Trochostoma, and others ; 
Ostergren (255). — Spicules of Synapta vivipara ; Clark (53) p. 278, and 
figure : of Stichopus japonicus ; Mitsukuri (238). — Bilateral plates in 
Stichopus mollis ; Whitelegge (347). — Complete absence of spicules in 
1897. [Vol. xxxiv.] e 22 
