42 Echin. 
XIV. ECHINODERMA. 
(ii) Variation. 
(a) In form : — of Culcita acutispina and Anthenea acuta due to imper- 
fect preservation; Whitelegge (340) p. 159. 
(b) In form and surface characters: — Complete study of, and 
measurements, as well as of jaws, in Monophora darwini , constituting 
331 ‘776 modes of variation; Lahille (176 & 177). — In spines of Asterina 
regularis ; Farquhar (83) p. 196. — In spines on marginals of Astropecten 
irregularis ; Koehler (163) p. 450. — In marginals and adambulacral spines 
of Pentagonaster gosselini ; Perrier (263) p. 45.- -In spines and paxilhe of 
Psilaster andromeda ; Koehler (163) p. 449. — In spines and buccal papillae 
of Ophiacantha rosea ; Koehler (163) p. 464. —In pedicellariae of Aster- 
opsis ; Farquhar (83) p. 194. — Number and character of pedicellariae in 
Luidia ciliaris ; Koehler (163) p. 448. — In centrodorsal of Antedon rho- 
danicus', Loriol (194) p. 123. — In spicules of Holothuria roulei (p. 481), 
II. intestinalis (p. 483), Ankyroderma danielsseni (p. 493), and Echino- 
cucumis typica (p. 494); Koehler (163). 
(c) In colour : — In life of many Ech., Ast ., Oph.\ Pfeffer (267). — In 
living Ech . ; Meissner (229) : Ech. and Hoi . ; Whitelegge (346). — In 
life and in alcohol of numerous Ech., Ast., Oph., from G. of Rapallo; 
Marchisio (216). — In Asterina calcar, Asterina sp., Palmipes sp., and 
Pentagonaster australis', Saville-Kent (290) Chromo-plate viii, pp. 243- 
245. 
(d) Meristic variation : — (1) Variation from pentamerous sym- 
metry, — In Asterina gibbosa; Ludwig (210) p. 211. — 6-, 7-, 8-rayed Asterina 
regularis, “several have more than one madreporite”; Farquhar (83) 
p. 196. — 6-rayed Ophiurid, 0. annce, n. sp. ; Honeyman (132) p. 265. — 
Heliaster sp., with 20 or 24 arms ; Harrington & Griffin (124) p. 156. 
(2) Reduplication or absence of parts, — Variation in position of syzygies 
in Actinometra pulchella ; Koehler (164) p. 100 & (163) p. 477. — In inter- 
ambulacrum of Melonites ; Jackson & Jaguar (140) p. 151: of M. 
giganteus; Jackson (139) p. 182 footnote. — Madreporite divided into four 
unequal pieces in Asthenosoma ijimai ; Yoshiwara (352) p. 9. — Absence 
of genital pores in a small PorocidaHs elegans; Koehler (163) p. 472, & 
(164) p. 89. — Absence of anal, and consequent variation in base of Teleio- 
crinus umbrosus; Waohsmuth & Stringer (336) p. 56. 
(e) Abnormalities : — Incomplete calcihcation of apical plates in young 
Salenia rejaudryi', Arnaud (15) p. 21. — Abnormal apex of Gatopygus 
fenestratus with three genital pores, throws light on evolution of apex in 
Echinolampidce ; Lambert (180) p. 172. — Abnormal (? atavic) arrange- 
ment of oculars in two Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis ; Osborn (252). — 
Pathologic atrophy and reduction of internal pores in one zone of each 
ambulacrum, in Acrosalenia meslei; Gauthier (98) p. 15. — A 6th ray 
as an abnormality, not true meristic variation, in Ophiactis modesta 
(p. 286); Ophiothela dance with three arms atrophied (p. 298); Doeder- 
lein (68). — Abnormality in one ray of Batocrinus’, Miller & Gurley 
(234) pp. 64 & 66, pi. iv. — Atrophied arm, Cupressocrinus abbreviatus ; 
Beyer (38) p. 89. — Enlarged madreporite in young Salenia rejaudryi', 
Arnaud (15) p. 22. — Anal tube, additional in Batocrinus , Teleiocrinus 
and Bteganocrinus, branching in Eutrochocrinus, Macrocnnus, Aulocrinus, 
starting from basals in Batocrinus-, Wachsmuth & Springer (336) pp. 
135, 136, 138. — Abnormality in tentacles and retractor muscle of Golo- 
chirus ocnoides; Dendy (63) p. 38. — Abnormal larva) of Astenna gibbosa 
with right hydrocoel developed; Macbride (212) p. 368. — Double, treble, 
and quadruple monsters of young Synapta vivipara ; Clark (53) p. 281. 
