BIOLOGY. (IT, b, ii, iii. C. D.) 
Echin. 43 
(iii) Secondary Sexual Characters. 
(a) Differences of Form or Structure: — In Chiridota rufescens 
and C. pisanii , noted by Ludwig before Dendy (63) noted them in C. 
dunedinensis ; Ludwig (204) p. 218. — In genital organs of Asterias rugi- 
spina; Leipoldt (186). 
(b) Differences of Colour: — Vacant. (See under n, B, ii, c.) 
(c) Protection of Young: — Brood pouches in Hoi., summary, new 
instance in Chiridota contorta where genital tube itself becomes the pouch ; 
Ludwig (204). — Care of Brood in Psolus antarcticus on ventral surface of 
sole; Ludwig (205). See also Synapta vivipara; Clark (51-53). 
(C.) PHYSIOLOGY. 
(i) General : — B elzung (35). 
(ii) Circulation : — Of fluids in the tentacles of Caudina arenata ; 
Gerould (100). — Regulation of pressure by circulation of fluid in vesicles 
connected with lantern in Ech . ; Uexkull (331). — Blood-corpuscles and 
lymphoid glands, r&urad ; CuIsnot (61) p. 179. 
(iii) Respiration : — “Role de l’eau dans la physiologie des ISchino- 
dermes” ; Perrier (262) pp. 89-97. 
(a) By Osmosis: — Respiratory action of various vesicles in Regular 
Ech. tested; Uexkull (331). — By anus and respiratory trees in Caudina 
arenata; Gerould (100) p. 129. 
(b) By Pigments: — Blood-corpuscles in Caudina arenata; Gerould 
( 100) pp. 166, 169. — Iron abounds in ambulacra of many Echinoderms and 
resp. trees of Hoi., and has respiratory function; Schneider (299) p. 213. 
(iv) Alimentation and Digestion : — Absorption of food into 
lacunar system in Asteroidea; Cu^not (60). — Pyloric caeca of Asterias 
vulgaris have proteolytic, diastatic, and pancreatic (fat-splitting) ferments ; 
Stone (321). — Amoebocytes in Ech. gut, Toxopneustes lividus, T. dro- 
hachiensis, Arbacia aequitubercidata, Sphcerechinus granularis ; Saint- 
Hilaire (287). 
(v) Excretion: — By wandering cells (ek-phorocytes) in Asteria; 
Masterman (218) pp. 210, 212, 214. 
(vi) Sensation : — Irritability of mesenchyme cells in Echinus micro - 
tuberculatus ; Driesch (75). — Psychology of Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea , 
based on Preyer, 1886-1887 ; Sterne (318). 
(vii) Miscellanea and Experimental Physiology :— Experi- 
ments on physical conditions of lifo in water; Regnard (277). — Action 
of carbonic acid, of acetic acid, and of nicotin on Regular Ech. ; Uexkull 
( 331). — Development of protein crystalloids of undetermined function in 
nuclei of amoebocytes of Sphexr echinus granular is; List (189). — Functions 
of anchors and anchor-plates of Hoi . ; Ostergren (255). 
(D.) BIONOMICS. 
(i) General Accounts: — Of Echinoderma recent and fossil; 
Bather (26). — General remarks on Ilolothurians of Jamaica; Clark 
(52). 
(ii) Special habits : — Vacant. 
(iii) Habitat : — Influence of conditions in Triassic sea of St Cassian 
on Ech. ; Gregory (110) p. 1004.— Association of spp. and genera of 
