44 Echin. 
XIV. ECH I NODERMA. 
Crin. in Paleozoic and Mesozoic times contrasted; Anon (10). — Habi- 
tations of Ech ., popular; Sterne (317). — Habitats of Mediterranean Ast . ; 
Ludwig (210) p. 448, and under the several species, of which a list is 
given under in, A, ii, Mediterranean. — Of Indo-pacific Ast . ; Doederlein 
( 69) p. 303. — Of Indo-Pacific Oph . ; Doederlein (68) p. 280. — On corals 
(Lophohelia and Amphihelia ), Actinometra pulchella fixed by cirri; 
Koehler (164) p. 99. — Always on coral ( Amphihelia oculata ), Ophiactis 
corallicola ; Koehler (163) p. 460, and (164) p. 75. — Coral-reefs of Ternate, 
Linckia miliar is, Pentaceros muricatus , Diadema setosum , Holothurians ; 
Kukenthal (175) pp. 46, 47, 50. — Reef type of palaeozoic crinoids; Frech 
( 88) p. 177 . — Synapta vivipara in seaweed on mangrove roots; Clark 
( 53) p. 281. — In sand, Caudina arenata ; Gerould (100) p. 128. — Ophio- 
psila sp. buried in sand in crowds, two arms exposed ; Mitsukuri & Hara 
(241 ). — Eeliaster in the dark, Cucumaria in crevices (p. 156), Dendraster 
excentricus in great numbers burrowing in sand, Cucumaria and “sea- 
stars” beneath bark on piles (p. 158); Harrington & Griffin (124). — 
Ornament of Sphcerocrinus due to small amount of lime in water ; Frech 
(88) p. 178. 
(iv) Feeding: — Algae, crustaceans, and worms eaten by Synapta 
vioipara\ Clark (53) p. 282. — How starfish open oysters; Honeyman 
( 131) p. 255 . — Astropecten feeding on Mollusca by swallowing, Asterias on 
Mollusca and Echinoidea by extension of stomach and by pulling open 
shells by force ; Schiemenz (295). 
(v) Defence and Protection : — (a) Active, — Poisoned by spines 
of Diadema setosum ; Kukenthal (175) p. 47. 
(b) Concealment, — Hoi. cover themselves with sea-weed, held on by 
anchors, notably Anhyroderma and Trochostoma ; Ostergren (255) p. 158. 
(c) Protective coloration: Stichopus mollis ; Whitelegge (347). — 
(Cf. ii, B, ii, c & ii, B, iii, b.) 
(vi) Locomotion : — Of Astropecten and Asterias contrasted ; Schie- 
menz (295). — Regular movements of larvae in Ophiothrix fragilis and 
Echinus microtuberculatus , and relation to currents of water; Ziegler 
( 355) p. 143. — Travelling under sand, Amphidetus cordatus ; Robertson 
( 280). — Movement of Antedon specially described; Bather (26) p. 301, 
with illustration ; Bather (29) p. 664. — Plankton character of Uintacrinus , 
compared with other unstalked, and possibly locomotive crinoids ; Bather 
( 24) p. 995. — Unstalked crinoids, general physiological classification of 
Bather (24) adopted (p. 222), but Saccocoma placed with true Plankton 
(p. 211), along with Pelagothuria , while Uintacrinus and Marsupites may 
be Nekton; ancestor of Pelmatozoa was of the Benthos (p. 219); some 
Carboniferous and Liassic Crin. (e.g. Pentacrinus) are Pseudoplankton 
(p. 227); Walther (338). — Locomotion and fixation of palieozoic Crin . ; 
Wachsmuth & Springer (336) p. 48. — Supposed floating, and attachment 
by arm-branches of Carboniferous crinoids; Smith (312). — Swimming in 
Bathyplotes natans , probably many other Psychropotince and Synallactince ; 
Ostergren (253) p. 353. — Burrowing in sand, Caudina arenata ; Gerould 
( 100), p. 128. — Locomotion and fixation by anchors in Synapta and other 
Hoi . ; Ostergren (255). — Sticking powers of Synapta vivipara ; Clark (53) 
p. 282. 
(vii) Autotomy and Regeneration : — General principles of 
Autotomy, that of Echinoderms described; Frenzel (90), see esp. pp. 
196-198. — Autotomy due to parasitic Myzostoma , in Asterias richardi and 
Stolasterias neglecta ; Anon (11), Giard (101). — Cuvierian organs of Holo- 
thuria poll , mechanism of ejection; Barthels (18). — Multiplication by 
division in Cucumana planci , the autotomy effected by constriction, 
