BIOLOGY. (II, D. E.) 
Ecliin. 45 
torsion (most common), and stretching; artificial division (“ mecotomy”) 
by ligature or cutting, successful with normally autotomous C. planci but 
not with other spp. and genera ; Monticelli (242). 
(viii) Parasites and Commensals : — Commensal annelid Ophio- 
dromus between arms of Astcrias and coloured to match (p. 158), a scaly 
annelid, Polynoid, on Holothuria calif ornica and Dermaster (pp. 161 & 164), 
numerous Entoconchidce in //. calif ornica (p. 162); Harrington & Griffin 
( 124). — Grogarino, Lithocyslis schneideri , in body-cavity of Echinocardium 
cordatum , relation to amoeboid cells; Linger (184); ditto, with remarks 
on other Sporozoa parasitic in Echinoderms; Linger (185). — Lichomolgus 
maximus , copepod in Echinus esculentus , Firth of Forth ; Scott (300). — 
Crab, Pinnaxodcs chilensis in rectum of Strongylocentrotus alhus ; Meissner 
( 228) p. 87. — Gastropods parasitic on Linckia and a Cidarid; Kukenthal 
( 175) pp. 47, 57. — Myzostoma causing autotomy in Astcrias ; Anon. (11). — 
Dactylococcus , an alga parasitic on Ophioglypha tcxturata and 0. albida , 
absorbing stereom; Mortensen (244) p. 322. — Stylifer(V) on Ophiomyxa 
brcvispina ; Doederlein (68) p. 299. — Cysts on stem, palaeozoic Crin. ; 
Wachsmuth & Springer (336) p. 43. — Cysts of Myzostoma (?) on arms of 
Agaricocr. conicus ; op. cit. p. 502. — Platyceras commensal with Pterotocr. ; 
op. cit. p. 793. — Gastropod, ? aft. Entoconcha , in body-cavity of Chiridota 
pisanii ; Ludwig (206). — Calcareous sponge growing on Synapta vivipara\ 
Clark (53) p. 282. 
(ix) Echinoderms as food : — Sea-urchin attacked by Asterias\ 
Schiemenz (295). — Echinoids as food of Cestracion ; Saville-Kent (290) 
p. 192 . — Uraster rubens and Solaster papposus eaten by Corvus cornix in 
hard weather; Grabham (103). 
(E.) MISCELLANEOUS. 
(i) Research and Instruction : — 
(a) Preservation, — and packing of Echinoderm specimens; Bavay 
( 32). — To prcscrvo natural shapo in dried starfish; Whitelegge (346) 
p. 159. — Preservation of Holothurians in extended state; Haly (121) 
p. 12. 
(b) Methods of research: — Of fixing and staining segmenting ova; 
Hammar (123) p. 18. — Of studying larvae of Asterina, osmic acid and 
Muller’s fluid, also corrosive sublimate and glacial acetic acid, embed in 
celloidin, orientation of sections; Macbride (212) p. 340. Roentgen rays 
in investigation of Asteroid anatomy; Meek (226). — Muscles of Hoi. 
behave to methylene-blue in same way as do nerves; Iwanzoff (138). — 
Stupefying, killing, and staining, for Histological preparations of Caudina 
arenata ; Gerould (100) p. 125. 
(c) Museum Exhibits and Collections: — Fossil Echinoderma in 
British Museum ; Bather (28) and Gregory (112). — Catalogue of Mazzetti 
coll., Ech. foss. ; Mazzetti (225). — Collections of American palaeozoic Crin . ; 
Wachsmuth & Springer (336) pp. 4-8, & 18-21. — Collection of fossil 
Crin., many types: Gurley (115). 
(ii) Economics : — Damage to oysterbeds by Starfish ; Schiemenz 
( 295). — Commercial value of Idol, as food ; Grieve (114). 
(iii) Bibliography : — Papers by F. B. Meek ; White (343). — Refer- 
ence to lists of E. Scotland Echinoderms ; Sim (308). — Subject-index to 
literaturo of Rhine-provinces and Westphalia, down to 1887, with entries 
under “Echinodermen, Echinoideen, Asteroideen, Ophiure, Crinoideen, ,, 
and under generic names; Rauff (273). — Literature of 1891, recent Zifc/mm- 
derma, Meissner (227). — Abstracts of various papers published in 1893 
