BIOLOGY. (II, E. F.) 
Echin. 47 
Structure of Echinoid ovum, its fertilisation and karyokinesis ; Reinke 
( 278). — Researches on fertilised Ech. ova; Kostanecki (173). — Centro- 
somes in fertilised Echinoid ovum ; Kostanecki (174). — Development of 
unfertilised ovum in Echinoidea\ Hertwig (128). — Position of long axis 
of spindle in segmenting ovum; Ziegler (355). — Centrosome in Toxo- 
pneustes , Arbacia, and Asterias sperm-ovum; Wilson (351). 
(v) Larval Stages : — 
(b) Very early stages of (?) Cucumaria frondosa as plankton, off N. 
Greenland ; Bergendal (37) p. 8. 
(c) Larva of Echinus microtuberculatus and of Splicer echinus gramdaris, 
and bastard larva of E. microtub. £ and S. gran. 9 : a support of Seeliger 
(109), Zool. Rec. 1894, against Boveri (25), Zool. Rec. 1893 and (16) 1895; 
Seeliger (303). — Larvae and bastard larva of Echinus microtuberculatus 
and Sphcerechinus granularis ; Seeliger (304). 
(c & e) Plutei from Greenland, Ech. and Oph . ; Vanhoeffen (333) 
pp. 242, 275, pi. vi, figg. 8 & 9. 
(d) Larvae of Mediterranean Ast ., viz. Asterias , Asterina , Astropeclen , 
Echinaster , Luidia\ Ludwig (210), pp. 339 & 340. — Development of larva 
and metamorphosis in Asterina gibbosa; Macbride (212). — Development 
of Asterias pallida , orientation of larva ; Goto (102). — Paired lateral gut 
diverticula in Asterid larva, vestiges of notochordal rudiments ; Master- 
man (220) p. 134. 
(e) Larval development of Ophiothrix fragilis ; Ziegler (355), p. 136. 
(vi) Organogeny : — 
(a) Echinoderma : — (10) Origin of mesoblast compared with that 
in supposed typical Archiccelomata ; Masterman (221) p. 330 footnote. 
(12) Gonads : — peritoneal origin in all groups exc. Grin.; Russo (284). 
(b) Ilolothurioidea : — (4) Stereom : — Development of spicules in 
Chiridota contorta as usual in the genus, concerning which Dendy’s obser- 
vations (63 p. 50) on G. dunedinensis are not new ; Ludwig (204). — 
Development of spicules in Caudina arenata; Gerould (100) p. 134. 
(12) Origin of gonads from peritoneal wall of dorsal lacuna in Holo- 
thuria poli; Russo (284). 
(d) Asteroidea : — (4 & 5) growth of paxillae and of spines, structure 
of stereom-mesh ; Ludwig (210) p. 67. 
(6) Development of stone-canal and dermal branchiae in Asterina 
gibbosa ; Macbride (212) p. 381. — Hydrocircus formed before mouth, 
Asterias pallida ; distinction of pore-canal and stone-canal, they open into 
body-cavity in A. pallida , A. tenera , Solaster endeca , and Cribrella san- 
guinolenta; Goto (102). 
(7) Coelom in Asterias pallida , the perihaemal and peribranchial 
spaces are mesodermal; Goto (102). 
(8) Variations in length of radial stomach-caeca in Luidia ciliaris 
and L. sarsi according to age ; Ludwig (210) pp. 84, 104. — Development of 
stomach and its epithelium in Asterina gibbosa ; Macbride (212) p. 382. 
(9) Development of nervous system and sense organs in Asterina 
gibbosa; Macbride (212) p. 384. 
(10) Development of mesenchyme tissue and epithelial muscles in 
Asterina gibbosa ; Macbride (212) p. 383. 
(11 & 12) Development of ovoid gland, and gonads in Asterina 
gibbosa , with notes on Amphiura squamata\ Macbride (212) p. 371. 
(f) Grinoidca\ — (5) Growth of arms, esp. palaeozoic; Wachsmuth 
& Springer (336) p. 82. 
(vii) Post-larval Growth-stages. 
(b) Change in spicules of Stichopus japonicus with advancing age ; 
