52 Echin. 
XIV. ECHINODERMA. 
B. GEOLOGICAL. 
(i) General. 
Remarks on geological history of Ecliinoderms ; Gaudry (96). — General 
palaeontological data afforded by Echinoderma, with table of distribution ; 
Haeckel (116) p. 359. The imperfection of the Geological record as 
exemplified by Crinoidea; Wachsmuth and Springer (336) p. 167. — Dis- 
tribution of Crinoidea (p. 146), Cystidea (p. 158), Echinoidea (p. 202), 
Holothurioidea (p. 204); Zittel (356). — See also Zittel-Easthan (357). 
(ii) Cainozoic. 
(a) General : — Upper Tertiaries, British Isles, Crin. (p. 6), Eeh. 
(p. 7), Oph. (p. 11), Ast. and Hoi. (p. 12); Bell (33). — Discussion of geolo- 
gical distribution of Ech. in coll. Mazzctti, mostly Eocene and Miocene 
from Salto and Montese, Italy ; Mazzetti (225). — Tertiary of Piedmont, 
list of 53 spp. and vars. of Ech., with Brissopsis latissimus , B. craverii, 
Placentian, Linthia peolce, L. cevense , Pliocene, Schizaster pyriformis, Ton- 
grian, S. braidensis, Placentian, Spatangus manzonei, Astian, n. spp. ; 
Botto-Micca (41) p. 344. 
(b) Pleistocene : — Vacant. 
(c) Pliocene : — Of Piacentino and Parma, Italy, Astrogonium sp. 
and Astropecten linati, n. sp. ; Prato (271). — Of Parma, list of Ech. inch 
Psammechinus monilis , n. var. depressa, Clypeaster guidotti, n. sp. ; Vinassa 
de Regny (335) p. 141 . — Echinolampas hemisphericus, above sands with 
Cyprina cequalis of Monte Mario, llome; Meli (230) p. 164. — Monte 
Mario, Echinocyamus pusillus; Meli (231) p. 149. — Dahra (Algeria), Ech . ; 
Brive( 45). — Central America, Encope chilensis ; Ihering (136) p. 338. 
(d) Miocene : — France, monograph of Spatangus , with list from 
other Miocene localities ; Cotteau (56). — Pierre-longue near Avignon, 
Ech , ; DepIsret (64) p. 522. — Brittany, Hipponoe & Echinolampas ; Seunes 
( 305). — Gombio, Italy, Astropecten ; Prato (271). — Lemberg, Galicia, Ech . ; 
Lomnicki (192) p. 34. — Letkes, Hungary, Clypeaster acuminatus, C. reidii, 
C. sp . ; Franzenau (87) p. 20. 
Middle Miocene, “ terreno a Clypeaster ,” Calabria, Ech. ; Fucini (92) 
p. 61. — (? Helvetian) of Vigoleno and Ciano d J Eliza in Piacentino, Italy, 
Ech . ; Vinassa de Regny (334) p. 154. — Helvetian, “pietra da Cantoni,” 
Rosignano and Vignale, Monferrato, Italy, Ech., with Pericosmus pedemon- 
tanus and Schizaster ozzanensis , n. spp. ; Alessandri (1) pp. 69-84. — 
Langliian or Helvetian, Portugal, Ech., n. spp., Arbacina mutellensis , 
Scutella lusitanica , S. roquettei, Clypeaster palencaensis, C. mutellensis, 
C. delgadoi, Brissopsis lusitanicus, Opissaster cotteri, and 20 other spp., 
discussion of age on p. 48; Loriol (193). — “Soldier” of San Severino 
(Marche), Hemipneustes italicus ; Angelis d’Ossat & Luzj (9) p. 66. 
Tortonian, — Montoronzo, Bologna, Cidaris tessurata ; Sangiorgi (288) 
p. 180; Near Orleansville, Algeria, lists of Ech., chiefly Clypeaster', 
Repelin (279) pp. 172-181. — Upper Burdigalian, — Ech. and Crin. with 
Antedon anglesensis , A. pellati , A. allardi, A. fontannesi, A. depereti, and 
Pentacr. miocenicus , n. spp.; Loriol (194); Near Angles (Gard) and 
St.-Etienne-du-Gr5s (Bouches du Rhone), Ech. and Crin., presence of 
Pentacr, columnals does not prove depth as supposed by Sinard (247, Zool. 
Rec. 1893); Pellat (260). — Bas Languedoc, Ech. (Burdigalian), pp. 204, 
205, 206, 210; (Vindobonian), pp. 218, 224, 226, 232; Roman (281). 
(e) Oligocene : — Of Gaas (Landes), list of Ast. and Ech. ; Raulin 
( 274). — Transylvania, lists of Ech. ; Koch (162) pp. 294, 313. — Patagonia, 
Scutella patagonensis’, Ihering (136) p. 337. — Aquitanian and Langliian, 
