Spong. 1 
XYII. SPONGLE. 
BY 
Professor R. von Lendenfeld. 
CONTENTS. 
Page 
Introduction 1 
I. Titles 2 
II. Biology. 
1. Morphology and Physiology 
a. General 4 
b. Canal-system .... 5 
0. Skeleton 5 
d. Epitholia, Cuticula . . 6 
e. Cnones 7 
f. Cortex 8 
g. Pulpa 8 
H. Sexual cells, Propagation 
and Development . . 8 
1. Physiology 9 
k. Habits, Bionomics . . 9 
2. Geographical Distribution 
a. General 9 
b. Faunistic 9 
3. Geological Distribution . . 10 
Page 
4. Phylogeny & Classification 10 
5. Methods 12 
III. Systematic. 
Calcarea 
Homoccela 12 
Heteroccela 12 
Silicea 
Triaxonia 12 
Ilexactinellida . . .12 
Hexaceratina . . . .13 
Tetraxonia 13 
Tetraxonida . . . .13 
Tetractinellida . .13 
Lithistida .... 14 
Monaxonida . . . .14 
Clavulina . . . .14 
Cornacuspongise . .15 
Marine forms . .15 
Spongillidao [Vacant] 
INTRODUCTION. 
The most important papers on Sponges published in 1897 are : — (26) in 
which Minchin discusses the different views on the nature of Sponges and 
their position in the animal kingdom ; (6) in which Doderlein publishes 
a detailed description of his Petrostroma ; (14) and (34) in which Ijima 
and F. E. Schulze treat of Hexactinollids ; (21) in which Lendenfeld 
publishes the rosults of his researches on the Adriatic Clavulina ; (5), (20) 
and (37) in which Dendy, Lendenfeld and Topsent describo a number 
of new species from the South Coast of Australia, Zanzibar and Amboina, 
respectively ; (32) in which Rousseau acquaints us with a new method of 
1897. [Vol. xxxiv.] f 1 
