325 
1893.] H. Beveridge— The Site of Kama Suvarna. 
It may also be worth while mentioning that Sudliaram is a native name 
for the district of Noakhali. I do not know its age or origin, but it may 
mean S'uddha-arama, the place of delightful rest, and if so the last 
half of the name approaches the Aramma of Tumour. One reason given 
for the expedition was that “ the king of Ramamma had obstructed per- 
“ sons who were bringing presents from a king of India to Ceylon.” On 
one occasion when a certain chief of India, Kassapa by name, sent 
presents unto him (Parakrama) of great value, with a letter written on 
a leaf of gold, he hindered the men who bore them from landing and 
then caused the presents to be taken from them with the letter and 
sent into the city with great dishonour.* This looks like the action of 
a king of Orissa or Bengal, who would have control of the ports, such 
as Tamraliptf, &c. It appears, too, that the expedition ravaged the coast 
of Coromandel, and so may easily have also attacked Bengal and Orissa. 
However this may be, and allowing that the expedition was directed 
against Siam or Cambodia, it must have been easy for the armament, 
on its way to or from the seat of war, to sail or march up to Rangamati 
and destroy it. It is not likely that the ships would steer right across 
the Bay, or sail direct from Ceylon to Siam. It is to be hoped that 
some day Kakadvipa, Papphala, &c., will be satisfactorily identified. 
As for the date of the expedition it was certainly not earlier than 
the 16th year of Parakrama Bahu’s reign. According to Tumour his 
accession took place in 1153, so that the 16tli year would be 1169. Ac- 
cording to the Wijesinha, Parakrama’s reign began in 1164, which would 
give 1180 as the 16th year. Lassen adopts Tumour’s date of accession, 
but places the expedition in the year 1172. We are told that five months 
were employed in making preparations, and that provisions for twelve 
months were collected. It Mr. Wijesinha’s date of accession then be cor- 
rect, the expedition may have been as late as 1 182 or ’83. Under any 
circumstances it would be some years before the Muhammadan invasion 
of Bengal. 
According to the tradition collected by Capt. Layard there was a 
king of Rangamati called Karna Sena. If this was so, he cannot have 
been the Karna who gave his name to the city. The latter was, perhaps, 
the Karna of the Mahabharata, who was sometimes called Karna Datta, 
and was half brother of the Pandavas. He was king of Aiiga, and had 
seats at Bhagalpur and Mongliyr. No such name as Karna occurs in the 
lists of the Vaidya kings of Gaur. 
Brum’s ed., Amsterdam, p. 332. Philip Clavier or Cluverins was one of the most 
celebrated of our early geographers. He was born at Dantzic in 1580, and died at 
Leyden in 1623. 
# Wijesinha’s Mahavansa, p. 228. 
