22 
Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 
V. data, Don Prodr. 159. V. javanica, Blume Bijdr. 919. V. acumi- 
nata, Boyle 111. Him. Bot. 241. 
At high elevations on the central ridge in Perak, this is said to occur, but I have 
seen no specimens. 
Order LXI. COMPOSITE. 
Herbs or shrubs, sometimes scandent, rarely trees. Leaves alter- 
nate, rarely opposite or whorled; simple or sometimes compound 
exstipulate. Florets numerous, small, aggregated in centripetal beads, 
sessile on the dilated top of the peduncle (receptacle) ; the heads sur- 
rounded by an involucre of 1- or more-seriate, free or connate bracts ; 
bracteoles none or reduced to paleate scales or bristles on the recep- 
tacle ; individual florets all tubular (head discoid), or the outer or all 
ligulate (head rayed) ; all bi-sexual or the inner bi-sexual or male, the 
outer female or neuter ; sometimes dioecious. Sepals connate in a 
calyx-tube, adnate to the ovary; limb none, or composed of hairs 
(pappus) or scales. Petals connate in a corolla of two forms : (a) 
tubular or eampanulate, with 4-5-lobed limb ; lobes valvate with mar- 
ginal nerves ; ( h ) ligulate with lobes elongated and connate in a strap- 
shaped or elliptic ligule. Dish epigynous. Stamens 4-5, inserted 
within the corolla-tube ; filaments usually free ; anthers basifixed, 
usually connate (syngenesious) ; connective produced upwards ; cells 
simple or tailed at the base ; pollen sub-globose, rough. Pistil an 
inferior 1-celled ovary ; ovule solitary, basal, erect, anatropous, nucleus 
with one coat ; style slender, normally 2-fid ; the arms (sometimes) 
connate, linear or sub-terete, naked or pubescent externally or tipped 
by pubescent cones ; the margins stigmatic. Fruit a dry indeliiscent 
achene (cypsela). Seed erect; testa membranous; albumen none; 
embryo straight ; cotyledons plano-convex ; radicle short. — Distrib. 
Universal ; genera about 1,000 ; species about 8,000. 
Corollas of all the florets either tubular to near the mouth or the 
marginal row ligulate ; style-arms long, distinct, or very short, 
or the style sub-entire in the sterile florets of heads with hetero- 
gamous florets ; stems sometimes woody ; leaves alternate or 
opposite ; sap never milky : — 
Florets red, purple, or white, never yellow ; all similar (homo- 
gamous) and tubular, or rarely ( Elepliantopus ) cleft laterally ; 
involucre of bracts always more than 1-seriate ; pappus pre- 
sent, usually setaceous, receptacle naked or rarely (Ageratum) 
paleaceous : — 
Anthers cleft at the base and appendieulate at the apex ; 
style-arms subulate, hairy ; leaves alternate (Vernoniea) : — 
Heads distinct, many-flowered ; pappus long, copious, 
cypselas ribbed . . . . . . 1. Vebnonia. 
