Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 
341 
Order LXXXIII. SCROPHULARIACEiE. 
[By D. Pbain.] 
Herbs or shrubs, occasionally epiphytic, sometimes semi-parasitic. 
Leaves all or only the lower opposite, rarely all alternate or whorled, 
occasionally all radical, sub-rosulate ; stipules 0. Flowers hermaphro- 
dite, usually irregular ; inflorescence centripetal or composite. Calyx 
inferior, 5-, rarely 4-lobed or -partite. Corolla hypogynous, more or 
less 2-lipped or occasionally personate ; upper lip entire or 2-lobed, 
lower 3-lobed. Stamens epipetalous, usually 4, didynamous or rarely 
sub-equal, occasionally only 2, very rarely 5 ; anthers 2-celled, cells 
distinct or apically or entirely confluent, or 1-celled by abortion, often 
when stamens didynamous with anthers connivent and sometimes with 
their apices connate in a posterior and an anterior pair. Disk annular, 
cupular, or glandular. Ovary superior, 2-celled; ovules usually 
numerous in each cell, anatropous or amphitropous ; style simple ; 
stigma capitate or dilated, simple ; occasionally 2-lobed or 2-lamellate. 
Fruit usually a capsule, rarely a berry ; placentas sometimes persistent 
on a central axis, at others attached to margins of valves. Seeds small 
with a lateral or ventral hilum ; albumen fleshy, rarely absent ; embryo 
straight or curved.— Distbib. Species 2,000 or more, in all regions. 
Angelonia grandiflora, C. Morr., an American species, has become naturalised as 
an escape from gardens in Selangor (Goodenough in Herb. Eidley 10486) ; it has long 
been similarly naturalised in Tenasserim and the Irawadi Delta, and has more 
recently become established in the Gangetic Delta. 
Corolla with upper lip or two upper lobes outmost in bud : — 
Stamens 4, fertile : — 
All 4 filaments inserted within corolla-tube 
Trees or epiphytes 
Herbs : — 
Throat of corolla plicate, forming a 2-lobed palate ; anther- 
cells contiguous, divaricate 
Throat of corolla not plicate : — 
Anther-cells discrete, stipitate; corolla distinctly 2- 
lipped : — 
Upper lobe of calyx distinctly exceeding the others ; 
2 or sometimes all the anthers with one cell imperfect 
Upper lobe of calyx hardly if at all exceeding the 
others ; all 4 stamens with perfect anthers 
Anther-cells contiguous; lateral calyx-lobes much 
narrower than the other three ; corolla sub-equally 
5-lobed 
Only 2 posterior filaments inserted within . corolla-tube ; the 
anterior pair inserted on corolla-throat : — 
Calyx with 3 to 5 distinct ridges or wings 
1. WlGHTIA. 
2. Mazcs. 
3. Adenosma. 
4. Lisinophila. 
5. Herpestis. 
6. Torenia. 
