THE ME DIT ER E A A NEN KATE RA LIST 
41 
On the northern side of the bay the fracture 
does not appear to be so extensive; but this is 
owing to its partial submergence beneath the 
v aters of the bay. Like its complement on the 
southern side it extends from shore to shore, and 
in the same direction. 
The throw of the fault is due south, and its 
angle varies from 30° to 55°. 
The average length of the throw is 120 feet. 
The immediate effect of these two faults has been 
to cause a further depression in an already de- 
pressed area. The top beds of the Upper Coral- 
line Limestone have thus been brought to the 
sea-level, and are now so rapidly being encroached 
upon by the sea, that in the course of a compara- 
tively short period of time, the peninsula of the 
Marfa, that forms the northern extremity of Malta, 
will be converted into an island similar to Comino. 
The Malalc Fault : — 
The displacements, that we have just been 
considering, traverse the island in a direction that 
is parallel to that of its shorter axis. To these the 
fault at Malak is a notable exception. This fracture 
trends in a direction that is at right angles to the 
Grand Fault, and parallel to the major axis of the 
island. It extends from Torre Hamra, near Crendi, 
to the south western side of the little bay of St. 
Giorgio, a distance of about two and a half miles. 
The effect of the Malak downthrow has been to 
depress, and submerge the whole of ihe h is its that 
were formerly situated in this part of A island, 
with the exception of the narrow strip oi the up- 
per beds that now skirts the cliffs at the se a ho el 
and the islet of Filfola, which is situated at a 
distance of about three miles from the shore. 
The surface of this remmant is in many places, 
covered with detrital material that has been 
derived from the degradation of the surrounding 
upper areas, and which has formed a breccia 
consisting of large quantities of mammalian 
remains and rolled pebbles, the whole being bound 
together by means of calcareous infiltrations. 
Below Torre Hamra another faulting has occur- 
red in the depressed area, the total downthrow of 
the two displacements amounting to about 400 feet. 
The Upper Coralline Limestone has been much 
contorted and broken in its downward descent, 
and in some of the little bays that here fringe the 
shore, it offers some peculiar examples of curves 
and foldings. The breccia that caps this down- 
throw is the “Elephant bed” of Dr. Adams. It is 
literally full of the bones and molars of the 
elephants that had formerly made Malta their 
home. 
It was in this locality, too, that the now 7 famous 
Malak Caverns w'ere discovered, in which Dr. 
Adam’s worked so successfully when studying the 
ancient mammalian fauna of the islands. 
Minor faults : — 
The dislocations of the strata, and the conse- 
quent slight alterations in their relative positions 
to one another, that occur in St. Julian’s Bay, the 
Marsamuscetto harbour, and other localities are 
usually so small as to be hardly w r orthy of being 
classed with the great faults. But they make up 
in number w 7 hat is wanting in magnitude, and we 
shall therefore here note a few of the more im- 
portant of them. 
To the south of Dingli a fault traverses the 
strata from the coast to Boschetto, but the down 
throw is but a few feet. At the mouth of the 
Emtahleb valley there is another, that is of 
somewhat greater magnitude. It runs in a direc 
tion that is parallel to the Malak Fault, and 
therefore at right angles to the Grand Fault. 
It has been the cause of depressing a conside- 
rable area to a depth of about 100 feet. 
On the south-eastern side of St. Julian’s bay 
there are several depressions where the Globige- 
rina has been let down to distances varying from 
one to ten feet; while at Tigne. Bicasoii, Marsa 
Scala, Marsa Sirocco, Mars-el-Forn, the number of 
these minor dislocations is legion. Some idea of 
nature and extent of these may be obtained from 
Fig {*). 
Near the village of Crendi there is a circular 
fault that has caused the downthrow of an area, of 
about 70 square yards, which is known as Macluba. 
It is similar in many respects to the circular 
depression at Dueira. but it is not so extensive. 
A more detailed account of it Mil be given w hen 
dismissing the caves of the islands. 
The Gozo Faults : — 
The system of the faultings in Gozo is more 
complex than is that of Malta; but there is a great 
similarity in the accompanying phenomena which 
* See Med: Fat: JTo. J, Sept. 1891. 
