SPIRONEMA BUTTON I 595 
SPIRONEMA NOVYI. 
Norris, Pappenheimer and Fliiornoy^ appear to have been the 
first to report relapshig fever in America. Several cases were studied; 
the incubation period averaged from five to seven days, and the 
mortaUty ^•aried from 2 to 6 per cent. Novy and Knapp- studied 
the organisms in detail and discovered slight but constant differ- 
ences which distinguished them from Spironema recurrentis and 
Spironema duttoni. Schellack^ named the organism Spirochaeta novyi. 
Mackie'* was able to differentiate Spironema novyi from Spironema 
duttoni by agglutination reactions, and Manteufel* showed that the 
serum of patients infected with the organism of American relapsing 
fever did not agglutinate Spironema recurrentis and vice versa, thus 
confirming Xovy and Knapp's observations. Noguchi'' grew the 
organism in pure culture. 
SPIRONEMA CARTERI. 
The causative organism of the relapsing fever of India. In 1879 
Carter^ observed the organism originally named Spirochseta carteri, 
but now known as Spironema carteri, in the blood of patients suffer- 
ing with Indian relapsing fever, and he succeeded in inoculating 
mice with the organism. Novy and Knapp ^ have shown that this 
organism differs from those of the European, African and American 
relapsing feA'ers. 
According to Schellack,^ Spironema carteri measures from 0.3 to 
0.35 micron in diameter and from 15 to 20 microns in length. The 
organism has not been grown in pure culture. 
Spironema carteri is infective for rats and for experimental animals, 
but it typically causes but one relapse, contrasting in this respect 
with the organisms of the American, European, and African relapsing 
fevers respectively. It also differs from the other Spironemata in 
its agglutination reactions.^'' 
SPIRONEMA DUTTONI. 
Synonyms. Spirocheta duttoni; Treponema duttoni. 
Hoss and Milne, ^^ studying South African tick fever, observed an 
organism in the blood of their patients which they called Spirocha^ta 
duttoni. Dutton and Todd'^ confirmed the discovery. The disease 
runs a course clinically like European relapsing fever, but the parox- 
> Jour. Infeo. Dis., 1906, 3. 266. 2 Jbid., p. 291. 
9 Arb. a. d. kais. Gesamte, 1908, 27, .364. " British Med. Jour., 1907, ii, 1706. 
s Arb. a. d. kais. Gesamte, 1908, 27, 327. « Jour. Exp. Med.. 1912, 16, 199. 
' Deutsch. med. Wchnschr., 1879, 5, 189, 351, 386. 
« Jour. Infec. Dis., 1906, 3, 291. ' Arb. a. d. kais. Gesamte, 1908, 27, 364. 
i» Manteufel: Arb. a. d. kais. Gesamte, 1908, 27, 327. 
" British Med. Jour., 1904, ii, 1453. ^- Ibid., 1905, ii, 1259. 
