62 
On the Different Methods 
[Feb. 
12914 feet above tlie sea. It there had the form of a large creeper, (not of a tree;) 
some of the branches were 6 inches in diameter and of a considerable length ; in 
some places they were above the spongy soil, and in others below the surface. We 
used it as fuel ; the wood has the same red colour, brittle and soft grain, and 
pleasant smell, as the pencil wood. But Lieutenant Herbert, when he went up the 
Jah navi river, found this juniper cedar in the form of a small tree. Botanical 
writeis also mention expressly that the wood used for pencil is a juniper. But 
the tree which I have in this note denominated cedar, is the Great Finns Ccdrus, 
the cedar of Lebanon, with the description of which it agrees in every particular;—* 
the cones, the leaves, the spreading branches, great size of the tree, the durabi- 
lity yet brittleness of the wood, and its peculiar smell. This noble tree, which to- 
wards the Satlej is called Cation or Cailang , but in Garhwal and the eastern 
mountains, Deodar, flourishes on the N. W., N., and N. E. faces of the mountains, 
and at the elevation of from 6000 to 9000 and 10000 feet, though occasionally below 
and above both those limits; its nature seems to suit best with an elevation between 
them. I he northern faces of the mountains are very generally shaded by large 
forests of cedars, and there the snow always lies from 2 to 6 months in the year ; the 
northern faces ot the mountains are always less steep than those of the southern ones, 
o/, m ? re so . 11 on * hem - 1 have frequently measured the larger trees, and found 
hem -4 feet in circumference, or 8 feet in diameter, at 6 feet from the ground ; but 
°. fabout ISfeet in circumference are more common; their height, though 
i T ’ 1 think ’ T Ute m P ro P orti ° n ^ their thickness, and they are, perhaps, 
T S ° w 0t more slender pines : one of these last, which had fallen, 
easuied, and found it to be 169 feet. It was of the Rai kind, and exceeded 
y others standing near it. The largest cedars often separate into two upright 
lanclies lit the height of 30 or 40 feet, but the middle sized trees generally have 
>ut one bole, and are very straight. The wood, of which I will send you 
specimens, is nearly similar in colour to deal, but rather darker : has a tine, 
ut brittle grain, and a peculiar though not unpleasant smell, which it retains 
-ir 1S * eck ? ne . d the most d «rahle of all timber, and most valuable in 
# i._, 8e budding, but it is too brittle for ship’s masts. No insect will eat it. When 
C ?«* ? fi w white resin distils in large quantities from the tree : this resin 
to preserve t S 11 are muc . h “teemed, and it is said it was used in Syria 
whfeh are of an nv JiZ' Mach oil is also obtained from the cones, 
pressed the ranes V * T*? ,on S and 2 4 in diameter, the scales close 
T f d ng, “ ang,es ,rom tI,e branches. Tlie leaves are in 
and abou t | of an" tnch S’ ThfLanch/- ‘fl ‘l ,en ? th * bark coarse, 
sometimes a slight sweep downwards in the center” recoverin')- tViVi' r '77'* 1 ' ' 
towards the extremities ; the lower arms are the longeT but where m s ‘ ral S toess 
near each other, the bole lias often no branches hu? Ini! f, e I hetrees S ro ' T 
have been when the trees were younger and occupied where tnej 
underwood in the forests of the 00^"“^ sl“a7ed and P . ? 5 aS there is ,ittle 
them is seldom obstructed. It is needless to snv tint it d ? ol emn passage under 
large trees from the mountains, but cS XX mav he 7 ,m P°? s i ble *> 
side of the Ch fir to the plains. Many kinKf lare J.iml " 1Cd f ‘'° D1 the ” ortl> 
and one regrets the impossibility of'removing f them • ' k ® , K r o''' in these regions, 
afford tlie finest deal, and would make excellent n °- f the statel > r P mes 
perior and very different from that of the small pines , wood is far su * 
in the low hills near Haridhuara and sent to Calcutt^ f CA ”> whichwerecut 
thought of some value. cutta . even those spars were 
I. A. H. 
111 .— On the Different Methods of Shading Mountain Land. 
(-educed to a sma 
in 1 V* w* ar r ’ at * east as to sense * In this proieetinn ii ^ United to be synonimoi 
mdefimte ^.stance, and consequently the S are all n» e> n ! S SU PP° 8 «* 'to be at a 
But as the surface of the e-round f T , mV V- 1 P arallek 
® ca “ not . coinc ‘de with a planf ev n e°n US ,s°t UntnCS ‘ S f ' lr from an 
vdatire^^^lr, 1100 0f l’ o!nts such a m aD will 7.“"*'’ il is evident that a 
I -1 ion, ihus, tu the annexed diagram, represent^) 6 a co — ect idea of tllc 
** * * ,cpleseut,n S a section of the earth 
