BIOLOGICAL/ SURVEY OF WOODS HOLE AND VICINITY. 
719 
Littorina rudis — Continued. 
Phalarope and Blue Wing stations: 20 (1 shell), 
22 (1 shell), 44 (1 shell), 45 (1 shell), 48, 51 (sev- 
eral living, perhaps not taken by dredge), 52 
(1 living and 2 shells), 60 (1 shell), 94. 
This species is viviparous. Dr. M. T. Thomp- 
son states that the eggs are carried throughout 
the year. 
Littorina palliata Say. 
Gould, 1870, p. 309 (not listed for this region); 
Verrill and Smith, 1870, pp. 632, 305, etc.; 
Dali, 1889, p. 146. 
Abundant and of general distribution along the 
shores throughout the region, though not re- 
corded among the species dredged. This mol- 
lusk is seldom found locally except upon the 
common rockweeds ( Fucus vesiculosus and 
Ascophyllum nodosum) , where it is sometimes 
extremely abundant. It is very variable as to 
color and form, and might readily be regarded 
as belonging to a number of distinct species. 
According to the observations of Dr. Sumner, the 
eggs are laid in small patches of clear, stiff jelly, 
which are deposited upon the weeds. These 
are abundant all through the summer, and are, 
perhaps, to be found throughout the entire year, 
having been taken as early as March 14 (1908) 
and as late as November 30 (1907). A veliger 
stage is passed through while in the capsule, 
and the young which emerges from the latter 
is practically adult except as to size. 
Littorina litorea (Linnaeus). European periwinkle. 
[Chart 180. j 
Gould, 1870, p. 308 (listed only from Halifax); 
Verrill, 1880a, p. 251; Ganong, 1886, p. 935; 
1889; M. T. Thompson, 1899, p. 582. (It is 
striking to note that this species is not even 
mentioned by Verrill and Smith, 1873.) 
Enormously abundant on shores, between tide 
marks; commoner among rocks, but of almost 
universal occurrence as a littoral species. The 
shells are frequently dredged, even in the 
deeper waters of Vineyard Sound and Buzzards 
Bay, whither they have doubtless in most 
cases been transported by hermit crabs. This 
species, which seems to have been originally 
European, “was first reported from Halifax in 
1857 by Mr. John Willis, but Sir William Daw- 
son states that he collected it in the southern 
part of the Gulf of St. Lawrence earlier than 
this, and Prof. E. S. Morse received it from 
Bathurst in 1855. It was found near St. John 
by Mr. G. F. Matthew in 1861 or 1862. It was 
unknown on the coast of New England prior to 
16269° — Bull. 31, pt 2 — -13 12 
Littorina litorea — Continued. 
1868, but has since spread southward very 
rapidly, reaching Casco Bay about 1873, Cape 
Cod in 1875, New Haven, Conn., in 1879.” — 
Ganong. “In 1872 it was very rare at Prov- 
incetown, Mass., but in 1875 it was common 
there. In 1875 it was collected by the writer 
at Barnstable, Mass., on the shores of Cape Cod 
Bay, in large quantities. In 1879 it had be- 
come exceedingly abundant at Provincetown. 
In 1875 our parties found two specimens only 
on the southern shores of Cape Cod, at Woods 
Hole, but in 1876 it was found to be common 
there, and is now very abundant.” — Verrill. 
Fish Hawk stations: 7321 bis (1), 7525, 7525 bis 
(1), 7526 (several shells), 7533 bis (1 shell), 
7534 (1 shell), 7538 (1 shell), 7541 bis (1 shell), 
7542 (few shells), 7543 (few shells), 7544 (few 
shells), 7549 bis (1 shell), 7550 bis (1 shell), 
755 1 bis (1 shell), 7353 bis (1 shell), 7554 (sev- 
eral shells), 7559 (1 shell), 7560 (2 shells), 7579 
(1 shell), 7602 (2 shells), 7610 (1 fragment), 
7613 (several shells), 7614 (1 shell), 7615 (few), 
7616 (1 shell), 7617 (several shells), 7619, 7621 
(1 shell), 7622 (1 shell), 7623 (1), 7630 (few 
shells), 7632 (few shells), 7633 (1), 7634 (few 
living and shells), 7636 (several shells), 7638 
(1 shell), 7640 (2 shells), 7644 (few fragments), 
7645 (few shells), 7648 (few), 7650 (1 fragment 
of shell), 7632 (1 fragment), 7653 (1 shell), 7656 
(1 shell), 7659 (few shells), 7661 (1 shell), 7662 
(1 shell), 7663 (1 shell), 7741 (1 shell) 7761 (1 
shell), 7762 (1 shell), 7769 (1 shell), 7770 (1 
shell), 7774 (1 shell), 7776 (1 shell), 7779 (r 
shell), 7781 (3 shells), 7782 (1 shell). 
Phalarope and Blue Wing stations: 1 (1 frag- 
ment), 2 (1 shell), 3 (several shells), 5 (1 shell), 
6 (several shells), 7 (few shells), 13 (2 shells), 
18 (2 shells), 22 (shells common), 28 (several), 
29 (1), 30 (1 large), 33 (several shells), 50 
(shells), 53 (1 shell), 61 (1), 68 (1 shell), 71 
(few shells), 72 (few shells), 78 (shells), 79 (few 
shells), 80 (few shells), 81 (several), 82 (sev- 
eral shells), 83 (1 shell), 84 (few shells), 88 (1 
shell), 89, 92 (shells), 93 (2), 94, 95, 97, 98, 103, 
104, 109, no, 116, 117 (x shell), 118 (several 
shells), 1 19 (few shells), 120 (living and shells), 
122 (many shells), 123 (few shells), 124 (shells), 
125 (several shells), 126 (few shells), 127 (few 
shells), 128 (few shells), 129 (shells), 130 (few 
shells), 132, 133 (shells), 135 (1 shell), 136, 137 
(few shells), 138 (1 shell), 139 (1 fragment), 140 
(few shells), 141 (few shells), 142 (several), 145 
(several shells), 149 (common), 150 (few shells), 
153 (1 shell), 154 (1 shell), 158 (few shells), 160 
