[1915] 
16 Echin. V. Echinoderma. 
VARIATION AND 213TJOLOGY. 
1023 
1. Variation in form. 
Crozier, 57. 
2. Variation in colour, 
Potts, 173. 
5. Variation, teratologic al. 
Gemmill, 72 & 73. 
8. Evolution. 
Clark, 34 ; Gemmill, 76. 
10. Phylogeny. 
Clark, 33, 35 & 44; Gemmill, 71; 
H&rouard, 98 ; Kew, 110. 
DISTRIBUTION. 1027 
A. Geographical. 
i. General. 
Clark, 27, 28, 29, 31, 37, & 38. ^ ^ 
11. Atlantic Ocean, etc. 
Beauchamp, & Zachs, 13; Clark, 36 
& 47 ; Crozier, 57 ; Farran, 67 ; Gemmill, 
74 ; Herdman, 95 ; Issel, 107 ; Lambert, 
118 ; Mortensen, 151 ; Petersen, 164, 
165 & 166 ; Southern, 197 ; Verrill, 214 ; 
Zelarovich, 222 ; Zeraow, 223. 
iii. Indian Ocean, etc. 
Clark, 30, 41, 45 & 47 ; Joshua & 
Creed, 109 ; Koehler, 112 & 114 : Verrill, 
214. 
iv. Pacific Ocean, etc. 
Clark, 30. 42, 43, 45, 46 & 47 ; H., 87 
& 88 ; Matsumoto, 136 ; Ohshima, 159. 
v. Arctic Ocean, etc. 
Clark, 39 ; Hofsten, 103. 
vi. Antarctic Ocean, etc. 
Clark, 39 ; Thiery, 207. 
B. Geological. 
i. General. 
Deecke, 60. 
ii. Gainozoic. 
a. General. 
Brown, 20; Chapman, 32; Clark & 
Twitchell, 49 ; Fabiani, 66 ; Gregory, 
86 ; Spengler, 199 ; Stefanini, 202. 
b. Pleistocene. 
0yen, 160. 
d. Miocene. 
Airaghi, 1 ; Clark, 40 ; Cossmann, 
52 : Couffon. 53 ; Kew, 110 ; Lovisato, 
133 & 134. 
e. Oligocene. 
Cossmann, 52; Lambert, 117 ; Lovi- 
sato, 133; Rovereto, 181. 
f. Eocene. 
Cooke, 50; DaineUi, 59; Lambert, 
120; Spencer, 198. 
iii. Mesozoic. 
a. General. 
Clark & Twitchell, 49. 
b. Cretaceous. 
1. Upper Cretaceous. 
Brooks, 19 ; Brydone, 21 ; FiUiozat, 
68 ; Lambert, 119 ; Newton, 153 ; 
Nielson, 154 ; Peron, 163 ; Sheppard, 
191 ; Valette, 212 & 213 ; Young, 221. 
c. Jurassic. 
1 . Upper Jurassic. 
Schoendorf, 189 ; Sollas & Bayzard, 
196. 
2 . Lower Jurassic. 
[Anon], 2 ; Cox, 55 ; Odling, 158 ; 
Petitclerc, 167 ; Soergel, 195. 
d. Lias (and Rhaetic). 
Trueman, 211. 
e. Trias. 
Klughardt, 111 ; Spitz & Dyhrenfurth, 
200. 
iv. Palaeozoic. 
a. General. 
[Anon], 2 ; Perks, 161 ; Schuchert, 
190. 
b. Permian. 
Hummell, 106 ; Fompeckj, 171 ; 
Preller, 175 ; Schuchert, 190. 
c. Permo Carboniferous. 
Schuchert, 190. 
d. Upper Carboniferous. 
Diener, 62 ; Girty, 77 ; Schuchert, 
190. 
