168 
Fishery Bulletin 108(2) 
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Discussion 
The greater effectiveness of cedar ARs 
We found that ARs made from logs of cedar trees had a 
higher fish species richness and abundance than those 
made of broadleaf trees or PVC pipes. The greater effec- 
tiveness of the cedar ARs can be attributed to the direct 
or indirect effects of cedar wood as an AR material. 
Qualitative observations support the latter because we 
observed some fish feeding on encrusting organisms on 
the cedar ARs. Cedar emits volatile compounds that 
repel terrestrial invertebrates to protect the living tree 
(Morisawa et al., 2002), but such chemicals might not be 
effective as repellants in seawater, making it a suitable 
habitat for fouling marine organisms. The rapid growth 
of cedar trees results in relatively soft tissues that can 
further make the wood a suitable substrate for fouling 
organisms. A comparison of the abundance of epibenthic 
assemblages between cedar and broadleaf logs will be 
required to confirm this hypothesis. 
Redspotted grouper was significantly more abundant 
in PVC ARs than in the other two types of ARs. The 
body length of this species was an average of 14 cm 
and ranged from 10 to 19 cm (Table 2), and the inner 
diameter of the PVC pipes was 11 cm. ARs with holes 
are expected to host more fish (Kellison and Sedberry, 
1998), especially large predators (Hixon and Beets, 
1989). Indeed, PVC pipes, because of their size, pro- 
vided a suitable shelter for redspotted groupers. Yel- 
lowspotted grouper ( E . awoara), conger eel, and some 
large individuals of bambooleaf wrasse also used the 
cavities of the PVC pipes. 
Two species of goby were more abundant in the broad- 
leaf ARs than in the other two ARs. Most of these go- 
bies ranged from 1 to 5 cm. Predation pressure by the 
abundant sunrise sculpin and black rockfish in the 
cedar ARs, and groupers in the PVC ARs, may have 
reduced the survival of gobies in these two types of 
ARs, resulting in the relatively higher abundance of 
gobies in the broadleaf ARs. 
Black rockfish associated with cedar ARs ranged from 
1.5 to 16 cm SL. Black rockfish is a viviparous fish 
and matures at 12 cm BL in 1-2 years after birth, and 
1.5 cm and 16 cm SL individuals represent 1.5-month 
and 4-5 year-old individuals, respectively (Hisada et 
al., 2000). Whitespotted pigmy filefish associated with 
cedar ARs ranged from 1 to 5 cm SL. Whitespotted 
pigmy filefish mature at 3 cm SL (Ishida and Tanaka, 
1983). Therefore these species use ARs as settlement 
sites, nurseries, and adult habitats. Jack mackerel as- 
sociated with ARs ranged from 4 to 12 cm SL. Jack 
mackerel mature at 14 cm SL (Ochiai et al., 1983) and 
attain 4 cm in 2 months (Xie et al., 2005). Therefore 
they use ARs mainly as nursery habitat and are loosely 
associated with ARs. This finding is in agreement with 
that of Rooker et al. (1997) who reported that some mid- 
water pelagic fishes, such as carangids and scombrids, 
were transient members of the AR fish assemblages. 
Considering that there are both pelagic predators, such 
