Munroe and Ross: Distribution and life history of Citharichthys gymnorhinus and C. cornutus 
325 
Figure 1 
Adult Citharichthys cornutus from the western North Atlantic Ocean. (A) 
Male; North Carolina State Museum (NCSM) 47664; 65.1 mm standard 
length (SL); featuring secondary sexual dimorphisms in cephalic spination 
and wide interorbital space. ( B ) Female (NCSM 47664; 62.1 mm SL) with no 
cephalic spination and narrower interorbital space. Note also the elongate, 
pigmented ovary. 
designated by acronyms in this study can be found at 
http://www.asih.org/codons.pdf. Additionally, specimens 
of both species were identified from materials collected 
during recent NMFS-Northeast Fishery Science Center 
(NEFSC) groundfish surveys, and data associated with 
these specimens were also included in this study. 
All benthic specimens examined or noted through lit- 
erature and museum searches were collected primarily 
by various types of bottom trawl, and a few specimens 
were also taken in benthic dredges. Descriptive geo- 
graphic locations of collections taken on the continental 
shelf along the southeastern United States designated 
in Appendices 1 and 2 and elsewhere were based on 
their latitudinal positions in relation to terrestrial state 
boundaries, which may not necessarily coincide with the 
state boundaries on the continental shelf. 
Fishes examined were identified, enumerated, and 
measured to the nearest mm SL, unless otherwise 
noted. Species were identified according to characters 
outlined in Gutherz and Blackman (1970). Citharichthys 
cornutus (Fig. 1, A and B) is distinguished from C. 
gymnorhinus (Fig. 2, A and B) in having scales on the 
snout (absent in C. gymnorhinus), 6 ocular-side pelvic 
fin rays (vs. 5), 40 or more lateral-line scales (vs. <40 
scales in lateral line), and a dark spot in the axil of 
the ocular-side pectoral fin (vs. no dark spot in axil of 
pectoral fin). Male C. cornutus do not have large black 
spots in the middle of their dorsal and anal fins that 
are characteristic of male C. gymnorhinus (compare 
Figs. 1A and 2A), and male C. cornutus also have a 
much larger interorbital space compared with that of 
male C. gymnorhinus. 
Sex and maturity of individuals were determined 
(where possible) by examining external sexually di- 
morphic characters and by macroscopic examination of 
gonads with light transmitted through the abdominal 
