Munroe and Ross: Distribution and life history of Citharichthys gymnorhinus and C. cornutus 
339 
may occur, or be occurring, in the geographic or ecologi- 
cal distributions of such species that inhabit particular 
geographic regions. 
While assembling this information, we updated iden- 
tifications of museum specimens, located important 
specimens in a variety of fish collections, and cor- 
rected and updated incomplete geographic records for 
some museum specimens. For both C. cornutus and C. 
gymnorhinus , much still remains to be learned about 
their biology and distributions, especially for a popu- 
lation, or populations, on the continental shelf off the 
southeastern United States. Age and growth, reproduc- 
tion, habitat preferences, and trophodynamics remain 
virtually unknown for these diminutive species. Sadly, 
this situation is also true for most of the small fishes 
or those that are not economically important, and as 
management agencies move toward ecosystem-based, 
rather than single-species management approaches, da- 
ta on the whole community becomes even more critical. 
We urge agencies and academic communities to expand 
the scope of fishery studies to address this need. 
Additional material not included in appendices 1-2 
C. gymnorhinus. Larvae: ARC 24522, 32°58'37"N, 
77°51'53"W; ARC 24538, 33°24'07"N, 76°42'33"W; MCZ 
77935, 41°33'N, 54°55'W. 
C. cornutus. Adults. AMNH 86095, 72 = 103; AMNH 
86160, 71 = 43; AMNH 86101, 72 = 100; AMNH 84815, 77 = 63; 
AMNH 84857, 77=47; AMNH 85590, 72 = 172; AMNH 
85529, 77 = 321. 
Acknowledgments 
We thank the following individuals who provided infor- 
mation or assisted with specimens, data, and informa- 
tion regarding collections or databases in their care: M. 
Fahay, J. Finan, J. Galbraith, P. Gerdes, A. Harold, K. 
Hartel, W. Kramer, J.D. Lyons, D. Machowski, J. Moore, 
K. Murphy, R. Robins, M. A. Rogers, W. Starnes, M. 
Underwood, R. Worthen, D. Wyanski, and M. Zokan. 
D. Steere, M. Rosen, S. Dawicki, and C. Struthers 
assisted with locating library references. J. Brown, D. 
Walker, and M. Vecchione provided assistance locating 
nautical charts; M. Rhode, M. Partyka, M. Carlson, 
and M. Nizinski assisted with figure preparations; 
S. Raredon provided photographs; A. Quattrini and 
L. Willis assisted with various aspects of this study. 
Partial support for recent sampling was provided by 
the U.S. Geological Survey and NOAA Office of Ocean 
Exploration (grants to S.W. Ross). Special thanks are 
extended to the Ecosystems Survey Branch, NMFS, 
Woods Hole, for providing specimens and data from 
their long-term synoptic surveys of the continental 
shelf off the eastern United States. We also extend our 
appreciation to all those who collected fishes that were 
used in this study. 
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