184 
Simmons, Remarks about the Relatious of the Floras etc. 
well supported by tlie distribution of species. For such genera 
as Pdvetia, Ascophyttum, Halidrys, Himanthalia, Furcdlaria, 
Polyides, whicli have a wide area in tlie northern Atlantic, and 
are only represented by a single species, it seems liowever hardly 
possible to presume an origin elsewhere, tliey must have had 
tlieir tertiary liome in the same region. As for species of other 
genera which could be counted as citizens of the tertiary-polar 
Hora, I think it will be enough to refer to the tables I, VI, 
and VII. 
But still there are more algae, which probably have had 
their origin in the same area. Indeed it is difficult to form an 
absolute opinion about such as are at present distributed princi- 
pally in the immediate neighbourhood of the limit between the 
Polar Sea and the Atlantic, f. inst, in northern Norway and 
iceland or somewhat fimther to the south and besides in some 
arctic district to the north of the Atlantic. Algae such as 
species of Microsyphar , Dennatocelis , Symplnyocarpus, Phaeostroma , 
Omphalophyllum, Pliaeosaccion , Kjellmania , Sorapion, a. o., most 
probably have grown in the Polar Sea of tertiary times, and 
are there now for the second time, but on the other liand it 
cannot be denied, that as far as the present distribution is 
known, it also allows to think of an origin south of the land- 
bridge. At least a 100 species or somewhat more in the present 
floras of the Atlantic, the Arctic Sea and the north Pacific after 
all probability can be traced back to the tertiary Polar Sea. 
However I cannot agree with Ivjellman (30, p. 56) that we 
must seek tlie origin of such species, as are now atlantic-pacific, 
in a glacial sea. Doubtless they are descendants of the old 
tertiary flora of the Polar Sea, that was not arctic. When the 
arctic conditions began to make existence difficult for that flora, 
its place was filled up by the first arctic one, that may have 
lived previously far north or first appeared in the preglacial 
time as a result of the altered conditions of life. Lastly even 
the arctic species began a migration southwards into botli oceans, 
but came back again afterwards. 
Still there are some algae that must be treated more in 
detail, namely the Fucaceae and Laminariaceae. Kjellman 
(30, p. 11 — 12) also speaks of these as especially characteristic 
for the Polar Sea. The third family he mentions, the Coralli- 
naceae, must be left aside as too little known, notwithstanding 
its prominence in the most arctic parts of tlie Polar Sea. There 
also the Laminariaceae , represented by the genera Laminaria, 
Ayarum and Maria take a very great part in forming the 
Vegetation, so as to qualify the arctic waters for the name „the 
sea of the Laminariaceae The Fucaceae on the other hand 
are, as Kjellman also points out, mostly restricted to the 
less arctic parts of the Polar Sea, only there they are able to 
hold extensive parts of the bottom. It is also natural, that the 
Fucaceae , as mostly litoral algae, should have their principal 
area south of the arctic regions. 
