812 
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 
Family LICHENOPORIDAE Smitt, 1866. 
Anatomical bibliography.- — 1S84. Waters, Closure of the Cyclostomatous Bryozoa, Journal Linnean 
Society, Zoology, vol. 37, p. 403, pi. 17, figs. 1, 6, 7, 8.— 1886. Barrois Memoire sur la Meta- 
morphose de quelques Bryozoaires, Bibliotheque de l’Ecole des Hautes etudes; Sectiou des 
Sciences naturelles, vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 42, 94, pi. 3, fig. 30; pi. 4, fig. 28. — 1S88. Waters, On the 
ovicells of some Lichenoporidae, Journal Linnean Society, Zoology, vol. 20, pp. 280-285, pi. 15. — 
1896. Harmer, On the development of Lichenopora verrucaria Fabricius, Quarterly Journal 
Microscopical Science, new ser., vol. 39, pp. 71-144, pis. 7-10. — 1914. Waters, The Marine 
Fauna of Zanzibar and British East Africa, Zoological Society of London, p. 836. 
The larva is very large ancl flattened. It is not elongated as in the other cyclos- 
tomes. The ovicell is lobate; it covers the zoarial center or it is placed between the 
fascicles. The oeciostome is very large. The zooecia are joined in radiating 
fascicles. The cancelli are placed at the zoarial center and between the fascicles. 
The cancelli are adventitious tubes which seem peculiar to the Lichenoporidae. 
They are garnished with spinules and are closed by a finely perforated calcareous 
lamella. Their structure is constant for each species and characterizes the species. 
Their function is unknown. 
Generally the tubes are terminated by a long, very fragile point called the 
galea ( = visor) by Jullien. The part which it protects forms a trap for diatoms. 
The first tubes issued from the ancestrula are not parallel to it. This obliquity 
explains their peculiar spindle arrangement in the median sections where their 
projection on the flat section is alone visible. This arrangement does not exist in 
the Tubuliporidae. 
The ovicells often cover the cancelli; but in the same species the contrary may 
occur and the cancelli may cover the ovicell. 
The tubes never creep on the basal lamella. They bend upward immediately 
after their formation. The abrasion of the lower face of the zoaria offers, there- 
fore, the aspect of a transverse section in the tubes. 
Genus LICHENOPORA Defrance, 1823. 
1823. Lichenopora Defrance, Dictionnaire des Sciences naturelles, vol. 26, p. 256. 
The zoarium is orbicular, simple or composite. The fascicles are mono- or 
pluri-serial. The ovicell is placed in the center of the zoarium. Its oeciostome is 
larger than the tubes. 
Genotype— Lichenopora ( Disco porn ) hispida Fleming, 1828. 
Range. — Neocomian-Recent. 
This genus has been dismembered by the paleontologists into many other genera 
according to the zoarial variations. Text figure 269 gives a summary of the genera 
as recognized by Gregory, 1899. The zoologists have never recognized them because 
the same species is capable of taking a number of zoarial forms and because these 
zoarial forms do not correspond to special functions. 
The Lichenoporidae are very fragile. They are easily broken. On the fossils 
the visors are rarely preserved in their entirety. The determination of the species, 
