490 
Fishery Bulletin 107(4) 
AFI is a measure of increased offshore upwelling of 
nutrient-rich, cool water in the central North Pacific, 
more frequent and intense storms passing through the 
GOA, increased frequency of westerly and southwest- 
erly winds, and warmer coastal waters in the eastern 
Warm regime-faster growth-higher survival 
North Pacific Ocean (McFarlane et al., 2000). The NOI 
describes the pattern of wind and atmospheric circu- 
lation between the North Pacific High (35°N, 130°W) 
and Darwin, Australia (10°S, 130°E) (Schwing et ah, 
2002). A more negative NOI is associated with a stron- 
ger northward projection of the Pacific 
Current along the Canada and south- 
east Alaska coasts that increases the 
speed of the ACC and draws nutrients 
and warmer waters from southern to 
northern coastal waters of Alaska. 
Material and methods 
H 2 : Cool regime-slower growth-lower survival 
Figure 1 
Schematics of the ocean-regime hypotheses (Hj and H 2 ) for the effect of climate 
on the growth and survival of sockeye salmon from the Karluk system during 
warm and cool climatic and oceanic (C-O) regimes in the eastern North Pacific 
Ocean. A star marks the location of the Karluk River and Karluk Lake on 
Kodiak Island. The + sign represents higher precipitation amounts and - sign 
represent lower precipitation amounts. 
Data, sample sizes, and assumptions 
Measurements from scales from age- 
2.2 sockeye salmon were used to indi- 
rectly estimate the freshwater and 
marine growth rates of smolts and 
postsmolts. The age-2.2 adult fish had 
returned to the Karluk system during 
the early run spawning migration from 
May 1 to July 21 from 1924 to 2000. 
Seven years of data were unavailable 
(1945, 1947, 1958, 1965, 1966, and 
1979). Scales were systematically 
selected from the archived collection of 
scales from the early-run of each year. 
The scales had been mounted on gum 
cards in the field. In the laboratory, 
impressions of the scales were made 
on plastic acetate cards (Arnold, 1951). 
Scale impressions were viewed with an 
Indus microfiche reader, model 4601- 
11 (Indus, West Salem, WI) with a 
24x objective lens. Scale images were 
copied from the reader screen with a 
Screenscan Microfiche PC high-reso- 
lution scanner (Indus, West Salem, 
WI) and saved as tiff files by using 
ScreenScan Application software, 
vers. 1.00.0.8 (Indus, West Salem, 
WI). Images were then imported into 
the Optimate image analysis program 
(Media Cybernetics, Bathesda, MD) 
for measurement. 
One scale was measured per fish, 
and 30-50 scales were measured from 
each year (n= 70 years) for a total of 
3167 scales read. Scales with evidence 
of resorption or regeneration were not 
measured. Measurements were tak- 
en along a consistent reference line 
drawn from the focus to the edge of 
the scale along the longest anterior 
radial axis to reduce the amount of 
variation in measurements at dif- 
ferent radial axes (Martinson et al., 
