139 
but the “ special predominance ” that man has over other 
creatures arises from his moral nature. 
Man has a conscience, a witness for God, within him, which 
none of the lower orders have. He is a religious being, and 
this gives him his “ special predominance over all other 
animals.” 
It has been well said that man is man * from his mind ; 
for the mind constitutes the man ; and such as is the mind 
such is the man. By mind is here meant that which belongs 
to the intellect and will of man, and, therefore, his veriest life. 
Those who are stupid suppose that man is man owing to his 
outward form ; those who are less so assert that man is man . 
from the circumstance that he is able to speak ; and those 
who are less so still say that man is man from the fact that he 
is able to think. Man, however, is not man owing to any of 
those things ; but from the fact that it is in his own power to 
think' what is true, and to will what is good ; and that at the 
very time when he is thinking what is true and willing what is 
good, he is able to have an intuition of the Divine Being, and 
receive Him in a perceptible manner. In this it is that man 
is distinguished from brute animals.” 
Speech, in so far as it is produced by movements of the 
tongue, causing certain sound-waves, belongs to the phusis — 
to physiology. Speech, however, is not the result of the 
action of man’s organs, but of the mind within him, which 
guides and controls him, and in so far belongs to the psuche 
— to psychology. 
A necessary caution in this matter is, not to confound the 
organs with the person who has the organs. Ci Perception! 
must be the act of some being that perceives. The eye is not 
that which sees ; it is only the organ by which we see. The 
ear is not that which hears ; it is only the organ by which we 
hear. It is the spirit of the living man which sees and hears. 
And so of the other organs.” 
Brain 
is a material substance, consisting of invisible atoms. It 
is a part of the phusis of physical nature, and belongs to 
physiology. . 
As the brain is a material substance, it has the properties, 
attributes, and qualities of a material substance. Extension, 
resistance, hardness, softness, weight, colour, roundness, 
circularity, are properties of brain. 
* Gorman’s Psychology , p. 287. f Hamilton’s Eeid, p. 246. 
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