144 
atom of which has a physical and psychical side, it follows 
that when one side, the physical substratum, is removed, the 
other side, the psychical aspect, goes with it ; when an atom 
of the cerebral cortex goes, a corresponding portion of the 
state of consciousness goes with it. The Professor, however, 
tells us that, “ one whole hemisphere of the brain may be 
destroyed, and yet the mental operations, the states of con- 
sciousness, remain complete”;* the substratum may be 
removed, and the psychical aspect still remain. The cerebral 
cortex is not, therefore, the substratum of the mental aspect ; 
for one half of the cortex may be destroyed, and the whole of 
the mental aspect remain. And mental phenomena are not 
the subjective aspect of the functions of sensory and motor 
substrata, for the substrata may be gone, and yet the mental 
phenomena remain complete. He cannot carry out his 
principle of substrata and aspects, and therefore it is a false 
principle. 
It has been said that “ the distinction t between mind and 
brain does not demand a corresponding opposition in their sub- 
stance.” But if different properties or attributes cannot co- 
inliere in the same substance, it follows that, as the properties 
of mind are different from those of brain, and cannot inhere 
in brain, and the properties of brain are different from those 
of mind, and cannot inhere in mind, mind and brain must be 
different substances. And, “ as the phenomena J or properties 
of brain are essentially different from those of mind, we are forced 
to conclude that brain and mind are two distinct substances ; 
and that the mind is not material, nor the brain mental.” 
“ To assert § that brain and mind are one entity, and that 
the opposite qualities of brain and mind co - inhere in one 
and the same substratum, is to assert that a thing can be, and 
not be, at the same time and in the same sense.” It has been 
well said, that “ the distinction between mind and matter 
stands like a reef in the tumbling seas of philosophy ; and its 
roots take hold on the core of the world.” 
Mindy not Brain , thinks. 
Professor Ferrier says, “ cerebral || states include our voli- 
tions and emotions.” But cerebral states are states 
of the material atoms of the brain, and volitions and emotions 
* Page 106, “ Functions of the Brain.” Cook’s Lectures , p. 78. 
t G. H. Lewis, Fortnightly JRevieiv, vol. xix., p. 479. 
X Hodge, vol. ii., p. 92. § Cook’s Lectures, pp. 85, 23. || Page 112. 
