149 
with some change in the protoplasm of the cerebral cells.” 
But all this is a mere assumption. Consciousness is not the 
result of a number of concomitant movements in the material 
frame, but a state of mind. 
Our author says, “ mental phenomena* are reducible to 
correlation with the activity of certain simple motor and 
sensory elements.” This almost reduces mental phenomena 
to motion, and comes nearly up to Spencer’s view that 
“ thought is nothing more than converted heat,” or a mode of 
motion. But this, again, is all mere assumption, for “ there is 
nothingf more ridiculous than to imagine that any modifica- 
tion of matter should produce thought.” 
Allman says, “ consciousness is never manifested except in 
the presence of cerebral matter, or of something like it.”J In 
the name of philosophy, as well as science, we ask the President 
of the British Association what he means by the something 
like it. He says, again, “ now we may indicate some point 
which would refer consciousness, as well as life, to a common 
material source.” § But materialism can indicate no point which 
refers consciousness and life to a material source. Conscious- 
ness always comes from consciousness, and life from life. 
Dr. Pye Smith says, “the physiology || of the nervous system 
has thrown more light upon the phenomena of consciousness 
than was gained by the acutest minds of all ages without the 
help of anatomical methods.” But this is what Goldsmith 
calls “ a bounce ” ; for, to discover consciousness, which is a 
mental state, among the bones and muscles, the nerves and 
sinews, of the human frame, by the help of the scalpel of the 
anatomist, would be a feat indeed. 
Memory. 
Our author writes very erroneously on the subject of 
memory. He confounds perception with memory when he 
says, “ It is necessary^] for perception that there should be a 
registration of sensory experiences, by which alone it is 
possible for present impressions to be compared with former 
ones.” He says “ the organic** modifications of the cells are 
the basis of memory and ideation, and the foundation of all 
knowledge and thought.” But memory, ideation, knowledge, 
and thought are all mental, not material, — are in the mind, 
not in the cells of the brain. 
* Page 111. f Gorman’s Psychology, p. 179. X Sheffield Address. 
§ Ibid. || Ibid. Page 114, ** Ibid. 
