mass of older gravel whicli fell in left traces all along. So 
the flints from ancient gravel-beds, much further east, got 
scattered all round this ancient coast-line. 
Now to return to the deposits on the flanks of the North 
Wales mountains, we shall see that the above explains their 
character. 
First, the shells found on Mount Tryfaen are of earlier date, 
and therefore of more arctic type than those that lived along 
the shore when the emergence, after the great depression 
which lifted off the glacier ice, had gone on much longer and 
raised the land 1,000 feet more. 
Then as to the flints which I have found all round the coast — 
in the plateau gravel of St. David^s, in the shell-bearing 
beds of Moel Tryfaen, in the clays and sands of Anglesea, 
Colwyn, in the Yale of Clwyd, and in the gravels of the 
Cheshire plains. A submergence of 1,000 feet would leave 
Wales a small group of islands, and the gravel travelled 
from the east when, with a depression of a few hundred feet, 
the sea rolled through the straits between the Lancashire and 
Cheshire hills, swept along the Malvern ridge, and from the 
Severn to the Dee. I think it more probable that the flints 
came with the eastern gravel at this period than that they 
were carried from the North of Ireland, because they occur 
only in this later drift. 
Here we are coming to another point of great importance in 
our inquiry. What evidence can we find that any beds upon 
the lower slopes showed evidence of ancient drift remanie by 
the sea. In the Vale of Clwyd there are beds of clay, gravel, 
sand with shells, which we have seen are all but two the same 
which now are found upon the shore some five miles off. In 
the clay are glaciated stones and rocks which must have come 
from other areas across the watershed to the west. Now, it is 
clear that when there was land-ice to carry them so far, con- 
ditions must have been unsuitable for such a temperate group in 
that same place. Again, we find sticking in the clay fragments 
of rock that have been striated by glacial action, then broken 
up, and the fragments scattered. The specimens show that the 
later fractured sides have never suffered glacial action. There 
are also in the sand and shingle balls of clay with pebbles 
stuck all over the outside, just such as now occur where cliffs 
of glacial drift are washed by the sea at Colwyn and else- 
where, and pieces of the clay fall on the shore, are rolled, and 
have stuck on them the pebbles of the gravel on which they 
roll. Similar clay-balls may be seen along the coast of Sheppey, 
covered in like manner with small stones and shells. 
