328 
supplies a very interesting link between the Vedic, Iranian, 
and Scandinavian systems. “ The evil against which good 
men are fighting is called drukhsh, ‘ destruction, or lie/ ”* * * § 
and in the Vedas the Druh is personified as a female demon, f 
as is the Drug, inactive, inglorious, and fiendish,"” in the 
Avesta.% 
Egdir. “ Eagle.” A terrible bird that keeps watch for the 
giantess Angurbodha; at Ragnarok it shall appear, scream, 
and tear corpses with its beak. The howling wind on the 
hill-tops. Cf. the connection in idea between aquila and 
aquilo. 
Fenrir. “ Dweller-in-the-depth.” “ The fennes hvde hi 
with their shadowe.” (Job xl. in Bible of 1551). A 
demon-wolf, offspring of Loki and Angurbodha, bound by the 
gods in a lake of blackness, Amsvartnir, in the Under-world. 
At Ragnarok he is to break loose and devour the sun and 
Odhinn, an illustration of the solar aspect of the latter. Fenrir 
represents chaotic darkness ; and thus Ragnarok is a “ wolf- 
age,” when “ The sun darkens, Fall from heaven The bright 
stars, ”§ and another wolf || shall swallow the moon.^l 
Garmr. “ Swallower.” A hell-hound, largest and fiercest 
of dogs, confined in Gnipahellir, ee the Holding-cave,” whence 
at Ragnarok he shall break forth and fight with Tyr. Another 
form of the monster of darkness kept down by the bright 
powers ; so it is an Eddaic caution that “ a hero must never 
fight towards sunset.”** * * §§ “ The dog is scarcely distinguishable 
from the wolf in the twilight ”+t of mythology. Garmr is a 
variant phase of Sarvari — Kerberos.JJ 
Grabakr. “ Gray-back.” One of the dread brood of ser- 
pents in Niflheim, who are ever gnawing at the third root of 
Yggdrasil. Serpents in the Norse mythology are invariably 
connected with evil and chaos, although they hold positions 
widely different in some other schemes. §§ 
* Haug, Essays on the Parsis, 304. 
+ Vide Darmesteter, Ormazd et Ahriman , 266. 
+ Sk. root druh , “ to seek to hurt f cf. Lat. trox, atrox ; Irish droch, “ evil. 5 
§ Volusjpa , 56. || Vide Managarmr. 
For illustration of the gloomy and demoniac character of the mytho- 
logical wolf, vide Gubernatis, Zoological Mythology , ii. 147-8. 
** Cf. the Vedic dictum, “ The evening is not for the gods ; it is unaccept- 
able to them ” ( Rig-Veda , V. lxxxvii. 2). 
tf Zoological Mythology , ii. 34. Prof. Gubernatis gives many curious illus- 
trations of the connection between the mythological wolf and darkness. Cf. 
the popular saying, “ Dark as a wolfs mouth.” XX Vide Appendix C. 
§§ I have elsewhere (The Great Dionysiah Myth, ii. 67, et seq.) considered 
the mythological serpent in its connection with wisdom, the sun, time, and 
eternity, the earth-life, fertilizing moisture, and phallic symbolism. 
