347 
To be is primarily to grow (cf. Sanskrit root bhil).* * * § 
He is signifies primarily lie breathes (cf. Sanskrit root «s).* 
The soul and spirit, saivala (Gothic), ghost, geist, gust, 
spiritus, animus, anima, pneuma, thymos, etc., are air in motion 
or agitated (cf. Greek seio, and Sanskrit root dhu, to shake). 
Time, i.e., the partition of period, is originally identical with 
eternity (Sanskrit root ay, to go ; Sanskrit, ay us ; Greek, aios, 
aiei , aion ; Latin, aevum, aevitas, aetas, aeviternus, aeternus, 
aetaticum ; Etruscan, aiv-U ; French, a e, edage, age ; Gothic, 
aivs, aiv, niaiv ; Modern German ,je,nie; English, age, ever, 
never, eternal, everlasting ) ; f and is primarily the flow and re- 
flow of solar, lunar, and sidereal light in space, J i.e., existing 
extension, substantial and non-substantial. So dies = lux. No 
light, no time.§ Thus we say that time, the real solar-phoenix, 
flies. 
These are, of course, Aryan instances, but non- Aryan lan- 
guages will supply similar results. Thus through the visible- 
external was coined the purely mental; the former clothed the 
latter, as the body does the soul. But to assume, e.g., that 
because man connected evil in his mental picture with dark- 
ness or chaos, therefore darkness or chaos was his only idea 
of evil, would be altogether unwarrantable. || The poet 
calls Ingratitude a “ marble-hearted fiend,” and on such 
a principle we might as well suppose that the ungrateful were 
originally regarded as having literally marble hearts. The use 
by man of the physical to assist him in the expression of the 
metaphysical, no more proves that the germ of the latter is 
contained in the former, than the use of an axe to cut a stick 
proves that the germ of the stick is the axe. 
To conclude : I have endeavoured in the present paper, which, 
in method and general line of argument, is a continuation of 
my former one, to analyze the religion and mythology of the 
Aryans of Northern Europe; and, in so doing, to illustrate 
the true position occupied by the physical in archaic thought ; 
to call attention to some important consequences which result 
from the Primitive Aryan unity ; and particularly to notice the 
* Vide Appendix A. 
t Vide Lectures on the Science of Language , ii. 274. 
X I have recently illustrated this in a lecture delivered before the Hull 
Philosophical Society, and entitled The Hall of Seb : an archaic study of 
Time. 
§ “ That which is before the sun is no-time ” ( Maitri Upanishad, vi. 14, 
apud Muir, Sanskrit Texts , v. 410. The writer declares that the sun is the 
source of time — stiryo yonih kalasya. Cf. Genesis, i. 14). 
|| For some excellent remarks in illustration of this point, vide M. Lenor- 
mant, The First Sin (in The Contemporary Beview, Sept., 1877, p. 162).) 
