12 
Fishery Bulletin 96(1 ), 1998 
Jaw position (Fig. 3, A-EJ Relative position of the 
posteriormost point of the jaws with respect to the 
lower eye is useful in diagnosing some species. Five 
DBL 
Figure 2 
Body and head locations where measurements and scale 
counts (defined in text) were taken. Abbreviations are de- 
fined in “Counts and measurements” section. (A) Measure- 
ments made on ocular side of body. ( B ) Measurements made 
on blind side of body. (C) Measurements made on ocular 
side of head. (D) Scale count locations: 1 = longitudinal 
scale count; 2 = head scale count; 3 = lateral scale count. 
different positions of the posterior margin of the jaws 
were evident among the species. Species with short 
jaws were those with the posterior margin of the jaws 
at the anterior margin of the eye. Those with moder- 
ately long jaws have the posterior margin at the 
mideye region or at the posterior margin of the pu- 
pil. Species with long jaws are those with the poste- 
rior margin of the jaws at, or beyond, the vertical 
through the posterior margin of the eye. 
Dentition on ocular-side jaws Degree of develop- 
ment of dentition on ocular-side jaws is useful in di- 
agnosing some species. Some species have teeth along 
the entire margin of both jaws, others have only a 
partial row of teeth along the margin, and some lack 
teeth on the ocular-side jaws. 
Fleshy ridge on ocular-side lower jaw (Fig. 3D) 
Presence or absence of a fleshy ridge on the ocular- 
side lower jaw is diagnostic for some species. 
Dorsal-fin origin (Fig. 3, A-F) Relative position of 
the dorsal-fin origin with respect to the migrating 
(upper) eye is useful in identifying some species. 
Squamation on dorsal- and anal-fin rays (Fig. 
4A) Presence and approximate number of scales on 
dorsal- and anal-fin rays, especially on blind sides of 
the fin rays, is useful for identifying some species. 
Membrane ostia in dorsal and anal fins Presence 
or absence of membrane ostia (small pores) in the 
basal part of the membranes of the dorsal and anal 
fins is useful for identifying some species. 
Body pigmentation Numbers in parentheses refer 
to numbers on Figure 5, A and B. Ocular surface col- 
oration is unique for some species. Frequently ob- 
served pigmentation patterns consist of uniform col- 
oration with or without a bold caudal blotch (7), or 
patterns featuring a variable number of bold cross- 
bands (2). Some species have the blind side of the 
body pigmented with a pepper-dot pattern (8) or with 
median dermal spots (i.e. those located internally 
along the vertebral column and visible externally (9), 
but most species usually have uniformly creamy- white 
or slightly yellowish coloration on the blind side. 
Fin pigmentation Numbers in parentheses refer to 
Figure 5A. Pigment patterns on dorsal, anal, and 
caudal fins distinguish some species. Fin pigmenta- 
tion showed the following variation: fins uniformly 
pigmented; fins with blotches (6); fins with rounded 
(5) or ocellated spots (4); and fins with a longitudi- 
nal stripe (3). 
