Weinrich et a I.: A shift in distribution of humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae, in reponse to prey 
835 
Baker, C. S., R. H. Lambertsen, M. T. Weinrich, 
J. Calambokidis, G. Early, and S. J. O’Brien. 
1991. Molecular genetic identification of the sex of hump- 
back whales t Megaptera novaeangliae). Rep. Int. Whal. 
Comm. (spec, issue 13): 105-111. 
Baker, C. S., S. R. Palumbi, R. H. Lambertsen, 
M. T. Weinrich, J. Calambokidis, and S. J. O’Brien. 
1990. Influence of seasonal migration on geographic parti- 
tioning of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in humpback 
whales. Nature 344:238-240. 
Chittleborough, R. G. 
1965. Dynamics of two populations of the humpback whale, 
Megaptera novaeangliae (Borowski). Aust. J. Mar. Fresh- 
water Res. 16:33-128. 
Clapham, P. J., L. S. Baraff, C. A. Carlson, M. A. Christian, 
D. K. Mattila, C. A. Mayo, M. Murphy, and S. Pittman. 
1992. Seasonal occurrence and annual return of humpback 
whales, Megaptera novaeangliae , in the southern Gulf of 
Maine. Can. J. Zool. 71:440-443. 
Clapham, P. J., and C. A. Mayo. 
1987. Reproduction and recruitment of individually iden- 
tified humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae , observed 
in Massachusetts Bay, 1979-1985. Can. J. Zool. 65:2853- 
2863. 
1990. Reproduction of humpback whales ( Megaptera 
novaeangliae) observed in the Gulf of Maine. Rep. Int. 
Whal. Comm, (special issue 12 ): 17 1—175. 
Dolphin, W. F. 
1987. Ventilation and dive patterns of humpback whales, 
Megaptera novaeangliae, on their Alaskan feeding grounds. 
Can. J. Zool. 65:83-90. 
D’Vincent, C. G., R. M. Nilson, and R. E. Hanna. 
1985. Vocalization and coordinated feeding behavior of the 
humpback whale in southeast Alaska. Sci. Rep. Whales 
Res. Inst. 36:41-47. 
Fogarty, M. J., E. B. Cohen, W. L. Michaels, and 
W. W. Morse. 
1991. Predation and the regulation of sand lance popula- 
tions: an exploratory analysis. ICES Mar. Sci. Symp. 
193:120-124. 
Glockner, D. A. 
1983. Determining the sex of humpback whales in their 
natural environment. In R. Payne (ed. ), Communication 
and behavior of whales, p. 447-464. American Academy 
for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Selected Sympo- 
sium 76, Westview Press, Boulder, CO. 
Grosslein, M. D., R. W. Langton, and M. P. Sissenwine. 
1980. Recent fluctuations in pelagic fish stocks of the North- 
west Atlantic Georges Bank region, in relation to species 
interactions. Rapp. P.-V. Reun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer 
177:377-404. 
Hain, J. H. W., G. Carter, S. Kraus, C. Mayo, and H. Winn. 
1982. Feeding behavior of the humpback whale in the west- 
ern North Atlantic. Fish. Bull. 80(2):259-268. 
Hain, J. H. W., S. L. Ellis, R. D. Kenney, P. J. Clapham, 
B. K. Gray, M. T. Weinrich, and I. G. Babb. 
1995. Apparent bottom feeding by humpback whales on 
Stellwagen Bank. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 11:464-479. 
Katona, S. K. 
1986. Biogeography of the humpback whale, Megaptera 
novaeangliae , in the western North Atlantic. In A. C. 
Pierrot-Bults, S. van der Spoel, B. J. Zahuranec, and R. K. 
Johnson (eds.), Pelagic biogeography, p. 166-171. UNESCO 
Technical Papers in Marine Science 49, Paris. 
Katona, S. K., and J. A. Beard. 
1990. Population size, migrations, and feeding aggregations 
of the humpback whale ( Megaptera novaeangliae ) in the 
western North Atlantic Ocean. Rep. Int. Whaling Comm, 
(spec, issue 12):295-306. 
Katona, S. K., and H. P. Whitehead. 
1981. Identifying humpback whales using their natural 
markings. Polar Rec. 20:439-444. 
Kawamura, A. 
1980. A review of food of balaenopterid whales. Sci. Rep. 
Whales Res. Inst. 32:155-197. 
Kellogg, R. 
1929. What is known of the migration of some of the whale- 
bone whales. In Anonymous (ed.), Smithsonian Institu- 
tion Annual Report, 1928, Publ. 2981, p. 467-494. Smith- 
sonian Press, Washington, D.C . 
Kenney, R. D., and H. E. Wine. 
1986. Cetacean high-use habitats of the northeast United 
States continental shelf. Fish. Bull. 84:345-357. 
Kinnear, P. R., and Gray, C. D. 
1992. SPSS/PC+. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, East 
Sussex, U.K., 210 p. 
Mackintosh, N. A. 
1965. The stocks of whales. Fishing News (Books), Ltd., 
London. 232 p. 
Meyer, T. L., R. A. Cooper, and R. W. Langton. 
1979. Relative abundance, behavior, and food habits of the 
American sand lance, Ammodytes americanus, from the 
Gulf of Maine. Fish. Bull. 77:243-253. 
Mitchell, E. A. 
1973. Draft report on humpback whales taken under spe- 
cial scientific permit by eastern Canadian land stations, 
1969-71. Rep. Int. Whaling Comm. 23: 138-154. 
Overholtz, W. J., and J. R. Nicolas. 
1979. Apparent feeding of the fin whale, Balaenoptera 
physalus, and the humpback whale, Megaptera novaean- 
gliae, on the American sand lance, Ammodytes americanus, 
in the northwest Atlantic. Fish. Bull. 77:285-287. 
Payne, P. M., J. R. Nicolas, L. O’Brien, and K. D. Powers. 
1986. The distribution of the humpback whale, Megaptera 
novaeangliae, on Georges Bank and in the Gulf of Maine 
in relation to densities of the sand eel, Ammodytes 
americanus. Fish. Bull. 84:271-277. 
Payne, P. N., D. Wiley, S. Young, S. Pittman, 
P. J. Clapham, and J. W. Jossi. 
1990. Recent fluctuations in the abundance of baleen 
whales in the southern Gulf of Maine in relation to changes 
in prey abundance. Fish. Bull. 88:687-696. 
Piatt, J. F.» D. A. Methven, and A. E. Burger. 
1989. Baleen whales and their prey in a coastal environ- 
ment. Can. J. Zool. 67:1523-1530. 
Reay, P. J. 
1970. Synopsis of biological data on North Atlantic sand 
eels of the genus Ammodytes. FAO Fisheries Synopsis 82, 
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 
Rome, var. pagination. 
Sherman, K. 
1986. Measurement strategies for monitoring and forecast- 
ing variability in large marine ecosystems. In K. Sherman 
and L. M. Alexander (eds.), Variability and management 
of large marine ecosystems, p. 203-236. American Acad- 
emy for the Advancement of Science ( AAAS ) Selected Sym- 
posia 99, Westview Press, Boulder CO. 
1992. Where have all the fish gone? Nor ’easter 4(2): 14—19. 
Sherman, K., M. Grosslein, D. Mountain, D. Busch, 
J. O’reily, and R. Theroux. 
1988. The continental shelf ecosystem of the northeast coast 
of the United States. In H. Postema and J. J. Zijlstra 
