999 
THE STARFISHES OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 
Species peculiar to the Hawaiian Islands, which have nearly related species in Japan, China, or in the 
Eastern Archipelago. 
Hawaiian species. 
Corresponding species. 
Locality. 
— 
Luidia hystrix 
Luidia magnifica 
Calliderma spectabilis 
Calliaster pedicellaris 
Asterodiscus tuberculosus. 
Pentaceros hawaiiensis . . . 
Benthaster eritimus 
Luidia aspera. 
Luidia maculata. [Luidia aspera, also.] . . . 
Calliderma emma 
Calliaster childrenia 
Asterodiscus elegans 
[Pentaceros orientalis 
I Pentaceros troscheli 
[Benthaster penicillatus 
[Benthaster wyville-thomsoni 
Samboagan and Tablas Island, Philippine 
group; north of Admiralty Island; 10 to 
150 fathoms. 
Japan, Manila, Coromandel, Java, Mergui, 
Ceylon, Mozambique. 
Japan. 
Do. 
Philippine Islands; northeast China. 
China. 
Billiton. 
North of New Guinea. 
North Pacific, between Hawaii and Japan. 
a Relationship not very close. 
Still another set of forms appears to have been derived from the Indian Ocean, 
or at all events to show a marked resemblance to Indian species. Probably if a 
direct comparison of specimens could be made, this list would be considerably aug- 
mented. 
Species peculiar to the Hawaiian Islands which have nearly related species in the Indian Ocean. 
Hawaiian species. 
Corresponding species. 
Locality. 
Luidia magnifica 
Luidia maculata 
Mozambique, Madras, Ceylon, 
Java, etc., littoral. 
Andaman Sea, 250 fathoms. 
Indian Ocean, 200 fathoms. 
Andaman Sea, 130 to 250 fathoms. 
Do. 
Mauritius, littoral. 
Mauritius, Seychelles. 
Querimba Island, littoral. 
Mauritius, littoral. 
Dipsacaster nesiotes 
Pseudarchaster jordani 
Mediaster ornatus 
Antheniaster epixanthus 
Ophidiaster lorioli 
Ophidiaster squameus 
Leiaster callipeplus 
Echinastersp 
Dipsacaster sladeni 
Pseudarchaster mozaicus 
Mediaster florifer (Alcock) 
Antheniaster sarissa 
Ophidiaster robillardi 
Ophidiaster purpureus (?) 
Leiaster glaber 
Echinaster sladeni 
Considering these species in conjunction with those actually common to both 
areas, we are at once struck by the fact that the Hawaiian fauna bears more resem- 
blance to that of the distant Indian region than it does to the fauna of America, not- 
withstanding that all the ocean currents which pass the Hawaiian Islands are coming 
from America and not from the west. Ocean currents are almost without doubt 
responsible for the gradual dispersal of echinoderm species, on account of the pelagic 
larvae. It is interesting, therefore, to examine the ocean currents in connection with 
the apparent relationships of the Hawaiian starfish fauna. 
During the southwest monsoon currents set northwest toward the equator in the 
Indian Ocean from the vicinity of Mauritius and the coast of Africa, thence pass 
east toward Ceylon, receiving an eastward current from the Gulf of Aden ; or, turning 
more abruptly, flow eastward between the equator and 10° north latitude. These 
currents, passing the Bay of Bengal, meet a reverse current from the Strait of 
Malacca, but pass south of Sumatra through Sunda Strait, thence northeast between 
Borneo and Cochin China past the Philippines and Japan, where the stream is 
known as the Kuro Siwo. South of the Philippines and north of the Celebes a 
counter-equatorial current sets eastward in 5° north latitude, passing south of the 
Caroline and Marshall islands and north of the main, west-flowing, equatorial cur- 
rent. The countercurrent reaches the coast of Central America and is reflected 
