THE STARFISHES OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 
1015 
generally flattened form, very small disk, and the low, broad .superomarginais confined almost entirely 
to the abactinal surface give the form a different facies from Astropecten. The broad, band-like 
inferomarginals and the adambulacrals are much like Astropecten, although the armature of the 
former is very different from any species with which I am acquainted. 
Ctenophor aster bawaiiensis, new species. 
PI. Ill, figs. 1, la-le; pi. v, figs. 1, 2; pi. vi, figs. 1, 2. 
Rays 5. R = 150 mm.; r = 22 mm.; R = 6.8 r. Breadth of ray at base (between third and 
fourth superomarginais) 27 mm; dorso-ventral dimension of ray at base 10 mm. 
Rays long and moderately slender, very gently tapering from a narrow base to a blunt extremity. 
Disk small. General form decidedly flattened, the sides of arms being low and rounded. Abactinal 
surface plane; actinal surface gently convex, with a very broad even bevel to the sides. Interbrachial 
arcs acutely rounded. 
Abactinal paxillar area is compact, the large paxillae being arranged in regular transverse rows 
along the marginal portion of the area, these series becoming interradial in the interbrachial arc. 
Along median radial line of ray the paxillae are smaller, crowded, and not arranged regularly, so that 
a very distinct narrow area is seen running from tip of ray nearly to disk. Paxillae are more compact 
in the center of disk than at sides. The largest paxillae are found in the interradial areas near, but 
not precisely at, the center of disk, while the largest on the rays are about midway between the 
median radial line and margin. Each paxilla consists of a stout conical pedicel, flaring at base and 
summit, surmounted by a variable number of much shorter papilliform spinelets, either united into a 
compact group, or with marginal series radiating. The larger paxillae have 20 to 28 spinelets in a 
central group, surrounded by the same number in a marginal series. A typical large paxilla of the 
arm possesses about 15 or 16 spinelets in a peripheral series, and 12 to 14 in central group; one from 
the median radial line, 8 to 10 in peripheral series, and 3 to 5 in the central group. Papulae numerous, 
large except along median radial line, where they are small: 
Superomarginal plates, 60 in number from the interradial line to extremity of ray, are much wider 
than high, except in interbrachial arc, and encroach conspicuously upon paxillar area, forming a 
rather flat border. Inferomarginals extend beyond superomarginais, and define margin of ray. The 
latter are wider than long, especially the first 3 plates, which are only about half as long as the others 
and form a perpendicular or slanting wall to the interbrachial arc. Surface of plate is covered with 
papilliform granules becoming spinelets in the well-developed fasciolar grooves; no enlarged spines or 
tubercles are present. 
Inferomarginals correspond in number to superomarginais; short (2 mm. ) and very wide (10 mm. ) , 
appearing as bands, stretching from actinal intermediate series to margin of ray, and forming a broad, 
slightly rounded bevel to border of actinal area. Upper or outer end of each plate extends laterally 
beyond the superomarginais, and is tumid for the reception of spines. Armature consists of many 
slender spines and spinules, with still smaller spinelets, grouped into 3 (rarely 4) obliquely transverse 
curved rows on the outer end of the plate. These series encroach slightly upon the actinal surface of 
plate, where they merge into 2 irregular transverse rows along the aboral margin, which are continued 
to the innermost end of the plate. (See diagram pi. hi, fig. lc. ) Of the three outer or lateral series, 
the first, that situated nearest median line of plate is largest, consisting of 7 or 8 slender, slightly 
curved, tapering, pointed spines, which are closely pressed to the side of ray and overlie the other 2 
series (pi. in, fig. la) . The upper 3 or 4 spines are on the abactinal surface. The second series is 
arranged parallel to the first, and consists of 5 to 7 similar but slightly smaller spines, while the third 
series has only 4 spines, still smaller, and arranged along aboral margin. The 2 longer series of actinal 
spines are somewhat irregular. That nearest the median line of plate consists of 5 to 7 slender flat- 
tened, blunt spines, about the size of those of first series of marginal spines, with which this may be 
considered continuous. These spines are turned upward or outward, are closely appressed to ray, and 
usually lie crowded in the furrows between adjacent plates. About the base of each, on the adoral 
side, is a cluster of spinules, 1 to 4 to each spine. These increase in size toward the inner end of the 
plate, being about one-third to one-half as long as their adjacent spines. There is usually an odd spine 
at the inner end of plate, in the median line just adoral to the lowermost spine of the regular series. 
Both are usually sharp. The second actinal series consists of a number (about 7 or 8) of spinules 
