THE STARFISHES OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 
1073 
the whole abactinal surface, being present frequently on the bases of the tubercles, but most numerous 
in the papular areas. 
Superomarginal plates, 23 in number from median interradial line to extremity of ray, are rather 
indistinct and are wholly without spines or tubercles of any description. Besides the granulation, 
which is coarser than that of the abactinal surface, and which increases in size toward the actinal 
surface, each plate bears 1 or 2 long slit-like pedicellarise, larger than those of the dorsal surface but 
otherwise similar. Superomarginals define border of ray. 
Inferomarginals, 20 in number, are confined almost wholly to actinal surface. Four or 5 on each 
side of median interradial line bear a small thimble-shaped tubercle, on a slight tumidity, near outer 
edge of plate. (This is absent from the largest and from the 2 smallest specimens.) The granules are 
very irregular as to size; and on each plate there are 1 to 5 slit-like pedicellarise scattered among them. 
These have jaws slightly raised above the general level, and are narrowly elliptical in shape, with 
truncate ends. In the interbrachial arc there are 5 or 6 roundish plates intercalated between the 2 
series of marginals. (These are absent from the 2 young specimens, and much more numerous in the 
largest. They are present also in P. occidentnlis but do not appear so early. In a giant specimen of 
reticulatus I find no trace of them.) 
Armature of adambulacral plates is in 2 or 3 series. (1) Furrow series of 8, less often 7, flattened, 
round-tipped spines, the central ones much longer than the laterals and their tips broader than base. 
Lateral-most spines scarcely equal one-half the length of longest spines; often mere elongated granules. 
This furrow series forms a regular comb, with a much rounded, often angular margin. Spines are 
united for some distance above their bases by a delicate web. A large forceps-like pedicellaria stands 
at adoral end of each series, slightly actinad. Furrow series is situated much higher (abactinad) on 
the side of furrow than the second series, the tips of the former only reaching or extending slightly 
beyond the base of the latter. (2) Second series, situated more nearly on true edge of furrow, 
consists of 2 to 4 spines, often only 2, this latter number predominating on the outer part of ray. 
They are of unequal size, very irregular, but the central spine (or 2 spines if there are 4) is largest, 
with the tip usually broader than the base, and rounded or truncate. Lateral spines vary much, but 
are shorter than the median and are either oblong or leaf-like, with a straight edge to the adjacent 
median spine. Toward the end of ray the second series is reduced to pinched granules. (3) Third 
series when present consists of 2 or 3, often 4, enlarged pinched granules, with rounded tips, in an 
irregular longitudinal row at outer edge of plate. In one large specimen the third series is present on 
nearly every plate, and is well developed, but in the majority of specimens, including type, it is 
poorly developed, being represented by granules of rather small size. Tips of second and third series 
of spines crinkled. 
Actinal plates covered with granules, large and small, with many bivalved pedicellarise scattered 
among them. The granules increase in size toward ambulacral furrows, becoming subtubercular or 
subspinose in the largest specimens. These tubercles are always mobile, however. 
Actinal surface of mouth plates covered by the heavy granular integument, which has to be 
removed before the plates themselves can be seen. These are large, and when the integument is 
removed, a large convexity or tumid area is seen near the aboral furrow corner, which is surmounted 
by 2 to 5 heavy spines, corresponding to the second series. Furrow spines 10 or 11, increasing 
greatly in size toward the inner mouth angle, where they are large and heavy, and many times larger 
than at outer end of the series, where they are similar to those of the adjacent adambulacrals. (The 
actinal spines already mentioned vary in number, but there are never less than 2 nor more than 5. ) 
Actinal surface (of integument) coarsely granular, with often very many pedicellarise. 
Madreporic body oval, either narrow or broad, situated outside the apical pentagonal area at a 
distance equal to one-half the distance from center to interradial edge of apical area. Anus eccentric, 
prominent. 
Color in life: Upper surface maroon, orange on the tubercles. Actinal surface light Naples yellow 
in the center, shading into maroon toward the periphery. 
Variations: The principal variations have already been noticed. One specimen, about the size of 
the type, has fewer and smaller spines on the dorsal surface, the median radial line extending only 
about one-half the length of ray. A larger specimen has the tubercles more acorn-shaped, and 
covered with granules except a bare blunt point at the tip. The connecting trabeculae are likewise 
more prominent. The rays are longer and slenderer than in the type, but tfhis character has no sta- 
bility in this species. 
