THE STARFISHES OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 
1119 
paxillx, or more correctly paxilli, columnar or hour-glass-shaped ossicles, with more or less flaring 
. bases which bear at the summit a group of spinelets, usually small. Of these the marginal series 
is usually different from the rest, and divergent, so as to cover the intervening spaces between the 
paxillse. These grade into uniformly granulated plates by many transitional forms. (See PL in, 
fig. 3a, 3d.) 
pedicellaria, the curious little pincer-like structure occurring in great numbers on some species of star- 
fishes. In some families they are apparently absent. They may be classified as follows: 
а. Sessile: without a special basal piece. 
1. Incipient or pseudo-pedicellarise. The jaws do not spring from a specialized depression or 
foramen. 
la. Simply a group of opposable spinelets; spiniform. (PL ii, fig. 4, ped. ; Pl. ix, fig. la.) 
16. The spinelets more or less specialized, and on separate plates, arranged in little combs; 
pectinate. (PL x, fig. 3.) 
lc. With 2 or 3 specialized jaws. (e. g. Luidia, Pl. xvi, fig. 1.) 
2. Tong-shaped or alveolar pedicellarise. The jaws spring from a specialized pit or foramen. 
2a. The jaws have no specialized depressions into which they fit when opened. The jaws 
are higher than wide, usually spatulate (pl. xvi, figs. 3, 4, 4a; pl. xxvi, fig. lb); 
foraminate. 
■ 26. The jaws are low and wide, with no specialized depression into which they fit when 
opened. Pedicellarise are mere slits, or resemble a miniature bivalved shell (pl. 
xxvi, fig. 5; pl. xxvn, fig. 2a; pl. xxxiii, fig. I); bivalved. 
2c. The jaws, when opened, fit into a specialized depression (pl. xxvn, fig. 1; pl. xxxi, figs. 
2a, 4a, 4b) ; excavate. 
б. Pedunculate. Each pedicellaria consists of a basal piece and 2 jaws. 
3. The jaws are attached to end of the basal piece nearest them, i. e., the jaws do not cross 
near the base (pl. xli, fig. 2); forficiform or 11 straight.” 
4. The 2 jaws cross one another. (PL xli, figs. 3b, 4b; pis. xlvii, xlviii); forcipiforrn or 
“crossed.” 
peristomial membrane, the membrane surrounding the mouth. 
H or major radius, the distance from center of disk to tip of ray. 
r or minor radius, the corresponding interradial dimension. 
segmental aperture in Pterasteridae, small aperture at base of each actinolateral spine and at outer edge 
of adambulacral plate leading from nidamental cavity to exterior; guarded by the aperture 
papilla, q. v. (Pl. xxxvm, fig. 6.) 
spines, spinules, spinelets, relative terms purely; the spines being the largest, providing any conspicuous 
spinous appendages are present. 
spiracula, small openings in the supradorsal membrane of Pterasteridae. (Pl. xl, fig. 2.) 
superambulacral plates, especially well-developed in the Astropectinidae, are small internal ossicles 
extending from the ambulacral plates to the corresponding inferomarginal, or sometimes to the 
intermediate plates when the actinal intermediate areas are extensive. (Pl. n, fig. 5f, sa. ) 
supermarginal plates, the upper or dorsal series of marginal plates defining the contour of the abactinal 
surface in most Phanerozonia. 
supradorsal membrane, “the veil-like covering or external independent tissue whereby the dorsal 
nidamental cavity is formed in the Pterasteridae. The membrane is supported above the true 
abactinal surface of the animal by the paxillae, which consist of a long columnar pedicel surmounted 
by a crown of fine, more or less elongate spinelets. In the majority of forms belonging to this 
family, fine muscular fibrous bands extend between the tips of the spinelets and constitute a more 
or less regular fibrous network; and the general tissue of the supradorsal membrane which fills 
in the interspaces or meshes, is usually perforated by small contractile pores styled spiracula by 
Sars.” Sladen. 
terminal or ocular plate, the unpaired plate at the tip of the ray. 
F. C. B. 1903, Pt. 3—23 
